ABUTA
Clinical References on Abuta (Cissampelos pareira)
2: Acta Pharm. 2004 Mar;54(1):27-35.
Ethnomedical value of Cissampelos pareira extract in experimentally induced diarrhoea.
Amresh, Reddy GD, Rao CV, Shirwaikar A.
Ethnopharmacology Division, National Botanical Research Institute, (Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research) Rana Pratap Marg, Post Box No. 436,
Lucknow-226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
The antidiarrhoeal activity of the ethanolic extract of Cissampelos pareira
(Menispermaceae) roots was assessed on experimental animals. The hydroethanolic
extract (25-100 mg dry extract kg(-1) body mass, p.o.) exhibited a dose
dependent decrease in the total number of faecal droppings (control 65, reduced
to 26-46) and 29.2-60.0% inhibition in castor oil-induced diarrhoea. Further, C.
pareira produced a significant (p < 0.01) and dose dependent reduction in
intestinal fluids accumulation (26.0-59.0%). The extract showed a greater
inhibitory effect on the concentration of Na+ (20.0 and 34.5%) than on the
concentration of K+ (6.7 and 9.4%). The extract also reduced dose dependently
the gastrointestinal transit from 46.4 and 38.7%, equivalent to 53.6 and 61.3%.
However, C. pareira significantly reduced the lipid peroxidation and inhibited
the decrease in antioxidant enzyme levels (superoxide dismutase and catalase) on
prior administration to castor oil-induced fluid accumulation. The extract of C.
pareira had no effect on normal defecation at 25 mg kg(-1) in mice. However, 50
and 100 mg kg(-1) inhibited defecation by 100% in the initial 2 h and the
activity was reduced to 40.0 and 73.0%, respectively, in the third hour.
PMID: 15050042 [PubMed - in process]
4: Phytochemistry. 2003 Sep;64(2):645-7.
Erratum in: Phytochemistry. 2003 Dec;64(8):1421.
Cissampeloflavone, a chalcone-flavone dimer from Cissampelos pareira.
Ramirez I, Carabot A, Melendez P, Carmona J, Jimenez M, Patel AV, Crabb TA,
Blunden G, Cary PD, Croft SL, Costa M.
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Los Andes, Merida ZP-5101, Venezuela.
From the aerial parts of Cissampelos pareira L. (Menispermaceae), a
chalcone-flavone dimer has been isolated which, mainly from NMR spectroscopic
and MS data, was proved to be
2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxybenz
oyl)-furano[3,2-g]benzopyran-4-one. This has been assigned the trivial name
cissampeloflavone. The compound has good activity against Trypanosoma cruzi and
T. brucei rhodesiense and has a low toxicity to the human KB cell line.
PMID: 12943789 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
5: Toxicol Lett. 2003 Apr 30;142(1-2):143-51.
Warifteine and milonine, alkaloids isolated from Cissampelos sympodialis Eichl:
cytotoxicity on rat hepatocyte culture and in V79 cells.
Melo PS, de Medeiros Cavalcante HM, Barbosa-Filho JM, de Fatima Formiga Melo
Diniz M, de Medeiros IA, Haun M.
Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de
Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6110, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil. pmelo@unicamp.br
Two alkaloids were isolated from the leaves of Cissampelos sympodialis; a
bisbenzylisoquinoline compound named warifteine and a novel
8,14-dihydromorphinandienone alkaloid named milonine. The cytotoxic effects of
these alkaloids were assayed in cultured hepatocytes and V79 fibroblasts. Three
independent endpoint assays for cytotoxicity in vitro were used: the nucleic
acid content (NAC), tetrazolium reduction (MTT) and neutral red uptake (NRU).
Milonine was less toxic than warifteine in both cell cultures. The IC50 values
determined in the three different viability assays were around 100 and 400
microM after milonine treatment of V79 cells or hepatocytes. IC50 values ranging
from 10 to 35 microM were obtained for warifteine in the viability tests
evaluated in V79 cells and hepatocytes. Due to the similar cytotoxic effects
detected on V79 cells and hepatocytes, probably warifteine and milonine induced
toxic effects independent to the cytochrome P450. This hypothesis was
corroborated by the results where Cimetidine (1.0 mM), a traditional cytochrome
P450 inhibitor, did not protect the cells from the toxic action of warifteine or
milonine. In conclusion, these alkaloids merit further investigations as
potential novel pharmacological agents although milonine was less toxic than
warifteine in the cells models investigated.
PMID: 12765248 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
8: Int J Crude Drug Res. 1982 Nov;20(3):133-7.
Folklore information from Assam for family planning and birth control.
Tiwari KC, Majumder R, Bhattacharjee S.
PIP: The author collected folklore information on herbal treatments to control
fertility from different parts of Assam, India. Temporary methods of birth
control include Cissampelos pareira L. in combination with Piper nigrum L., root
of Mimosa pudica L. and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Plants used for permanent
sterilization include Plumbago zeylanica L., Heliotropium indicum L., Salmalia
malabrica, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., Plumeria rubra L., Bambusa rundinacea.
Abortion is achieved through use of Osbeckia nepalensis or Carica papaya L. in
combination with resin from Ferula narthex Boiss. It is concluded that there is
tremendous scope for the collection of folklore about medicine, family planning
agents, and other treatments from Assam and surrounding areas. Such a project
requires proper understanding between the survey team and local people, tactful
behavior, and a significant amount of time. Monetary rewards can also be
helpful for obtaining information from potential respondents.
PMID: 12266264 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
11: J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Apr;80(1):25-35.
Screening of African medicinal plants for antimicrobial and enzyme inhibitory
activity.
Tshibangu JN, Chifundera K, Kaminsky R, Wright AD, Konig GM.
Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, Nussallee 6, D-53115, Bonn, Germany.
Seven plant species, belonging to different families, were collected in the
eastern part of the Republic of Congo (Kivu) based on ethnopharmacological
information. Their dichloromethane and methanolic extracts were tested for
biological activity. Five of the seven collected plants exhibited antiplasmodial
activity with IC(50) values ranging from 1.1 to 9.8 microg/ml. The methanolic
extract of Cissampelos mucronata was the most active one showing activity
against chloroquine sensitive (D6) and chloroquine resistant (W2) Plasmodium
falciparum strains with IC(50) values of 1.5 and 1.1 microg/ml, respectively.
Additionally, this extract significantly inhibited the enzyme tyrosine kinase
p56(lck) (TK). The dichloromethane extract of Amorphophallus bequaertii
inhibited the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with a MIC of 100 microg/ml
and the methanolic extract of Rubus rigidus inhibited the activity of both
enzymes HIV1-reverse transcriptase (HIV1-RT) and TK p56(lck).
PMID: 11891084 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
21: Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1993 Aug;41(8):1478-80.
Conformation of tropolone ring in antileukemic tropoloisoquinoline alkaloids.
Morita H, Matsumoto K, Takeya K, Itokawa H.
Department of Pharmacognosy, Tokyo College of Pharmacy, Japan.
Conformational analysis of antileukemic tropoloisoquinoline alkaloids isolated
from Cissampelos pareira was conducted by thermodynamic proton nuclear magnetic
resonance (1H NMR) studies. The line-broadening of one of methoxy methyl signals
can be explained by the tropolone ring-puckering process. Analysis by dynamical
simulated annealing and modified neglect of differential overlap (MNDO)
calculations also supported puckering of tropolone ring system.
PMID: 8403094 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
22: Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1993 Aug;41(8):1418-22.
Structures and solid state tautomeric forms of two novel antileukemic
tropoloisoquinoline alkaloids, pareirubrines A and B, from Cissampelos pareira.
Morita H, Matsumoto K, Takeya K, Itokawa H, Iitaka Y.
Department of Pharmacognosy, Tokyo College of Pharmacy, Japan.
Two novel tropoloisoquinoline alkaloids, Pareirubrines A and B, have been
isolated as antileukemic substances from Cissampelos pareira (Menispermaceae),
together with the same skeleton alkaloids, grandirubrine and isoimerubrine.
Their structures were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies,
and their solid state tautomeric forms were examined by X-ray crystallographic
analysis.
PMID: 8403090 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
25: Jpn J Pharmacol. 1970 Jun;20(2):246-52.
Studies on curariform activity of hayatinin methochloride, an alkaloid of
Cissampelos pareira.
Basu DK.
PMID: 4247912 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
26: Experientia. 1968 Oct 15;24(10):999.
Studies in medicinal plants. 3. Protoberberine alkaloids from the roots of
Cissampelos pareira Linn.
Anwer F, Popli SP, Srivastava RM, Khare MP.
PMID: 5711898 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
27: Experientia. 1967 Apr 15;23(4):242-3.
Chemical examination of the roots of Cissampelos pareira Linn. V. Structure and
stereochemistry of hayatidin.
Bhatnagar AK, Popli SP.
PMID: 6055915 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
28: J Org Chem. 1967 Mar;32(3):819-20.
Chemical examination of the roots of Cissampelos pareira linn. IV. Structure and
stereochemistry of hayatin.
Bhatnagar AK, Bhattacharji S, Roy AC, Popli SP, Dhar ML.
PMID: 6042128 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
29: J Pharm Sci. 1965 Apr;54(4):580-3.
Tumor inhibitors. VI. Cissampareine, new cytotoxic alkaloid from Cissampelos
pareira. Cytotoxicity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids.
Kupchan SM, Patel AC, Fujita E.
PMID: 5842344 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
30: Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1964 Nov 1;152:106-14.
STUDIES ON CISSAMPELOS ALKALOIDS. I. ACTION OF HAYATIN DERIVATIVES ON THE
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF CATS AND DOGS.
SUR RN, PRADHAN SN.
PMID: 14248337 [PubMed - OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966]
31: J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc. 1960 Nov;49:727-31.
Menispermaceae alkaloids. I. The alkaloids of Cissampelos pareira Linn. and the
origin of radix pareirae brave.
KUPCHAN SM, YOKOYAMA N, BEAL JL.
PMID: 13831111 [PubMed - OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966]
32: Indian J Med Res. 1952 Jan;40(1):95-9.
A preliminary note on the pharmacological action of the total alkaloids isolated
from Cissampelos pareira Linn. (false Pareira brava).
ROY PK, DUTTA AT, RAY GK, MUKERJI B.
PMID: 14955289 [PubMed - OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966]
ACEROLA
Clinical References for Acerola (Malpighia glabra)
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2005 Feb;69(2):280-6.
Structural and functional characterization of polyphenols isolated from acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) fruit.
Hanamura T, Hagiwara T, Kawagishi H.
Research and Development Division, Processed Foods Company, Nichirei Corporation, Chiba, Japan. hanamurat@nichirei.co.jp
Two anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-alpha-O-rhamnoside (C3R) and pelargonidin-3-alpha-O-rhamnoside (P3R), and quercitrin (quercetin-3-alpha-O-rhamnoside), were isolated from acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) fruit. These polyphenols were evaluated based on the functional properties associated with diabetes mellitus or its complications, that is, on the radical scavenging activity and the inhibitory effect on both alpha-glucosidase and advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation. C3R and quercitrin revealed strong radical scavenging activity. While the inhibitory profiles of isolated polyphenols except quercitrin towards alpha-glucosidase activity were low, all polyphenols strongly inhibited AGE formation.
Phytother Res. 2004 Mar;18(3):212-23.
Biological activity of barbados cherry (acerola fruits, fruit of Malpighia emarginata DC) extracts and fractions.
Motohashi N, Wakabayashi H, Kurihara T, Fukushima H, Yamada T, Kawase M, Sohara Y, Tani S, Shirataki Y, Sakagami H, Satoh K, Nakashima H, Molnar A, Spengler G, Gyemant N, Ugocsai K, Molnar J.
Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan. motohasi@my-pharm.ac.jp
Fractionation of barbados cherry (acerola fruit, a fruit of Malpighia emarginata DC.) extracts were performed by organic solvent extractions and column chromatographies, using two extraction methods. Higher cytotoxic activity was concentrated in fractions A4 and A6 (acetone extract), and H3 and HE3 (hexane extract). These four fractions showed higher cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines such as human oral squamous cell carcinoma (HSC-2) and human submandibular gland carcinoma (HSG), when compared with that against normal cells such as human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLF) and human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). HE2 (hexane extract), AE2 (ethyl acetate extract), AE3, AE4, AE5, A8, A9 and A10 showed some relatively higher anti-bacterial activity on the Gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 1228 but were ineffective on the representative Gram-negative species E. coli and Ps. aeruginosa. The fractions were inactive against Helicobacter pylori, two representative Candida species, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). H3, H4 and HE3, which displayed higher tumor-specific cytotoxicity also showed higher multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal activity, than ()-verapamil as positive control. ESR spectroscopy shows that the radical-mediated oxidation is not involved in the induction of tumor-specific cytotoxic activity. The tumor specific cytotoxic activity and MDR reversal activity of barbados cherry may suggest its possible application for cancer therapy. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anticancer Res. 2003 Jul-Aug;23(4):3237-41.
Inhibition of LPS-stimulated NO production in mouse macrophage-like cells by Barbados cherry, a fruit of Malpighia emarginata DC.
Wakabayashi H, Fukushima H, Yamada T, Kawase M, Shirataki Y, Satoh K, Tobe T, Hashimoto K, Kurihara T, Motohashi N, Sakagami H.
Faculty of Science, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
The extract of Barbados cherry (acerola fruit), a fruit of Malpighia emarginata DC., has been reported to display diverse biological activities such as prevention of age-related diseases. We investigated here the possible effect of Barbados cherry extract on nitric oxide (NO) production by activated macrophages. Barbados cherry was roughly separated into 4 or 5 fractions by two different methods, using various organic solvents such as hexane, acetone, methanol (70% and 100%) and water, and assayed for its ability to inhibit NO production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage-like Raw 264.7 cells. Among these fractions, AcOEt extracts (AE0) in Method I and acetone extract (A0) in Method II showed the highest inhibitory activity of NO production (SI > 20 and SI = 31, respectively). When these fractions were subjected to silica gel column chromatography, higher inhibitory activity for NO production was concentrated in AcOEt (AE6) (SI = 64) and benzene-AcOEt (1:4) (A10) fractions (SI > 59). Western blot analysis demonstrated that AE6 and A10 fractions reduced the intracellular concentration of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) by approximately one-third. ESR spectroscopy showed that these fractions scavenged various radical species such as superoxide anion (O2-) and NO radicals. These data suggest that the inhibitory effect on NO production by Barbados cherry extracts is partly due to the inhibition of iNOS expression, and scavenging of O2- and NO radicals.
Biotechnol Lett. 2003 Jun;25(11):869-72.
Immobilization of pectinmethylesterase from acerola (Malpighia glabra L.) in porous silica. de Assis SA, Trevisan HC, Mascarenhas OM, Oliveira F. Instituto de Quimica, Departamento de Bioquimica e Tecnologia Quimica, UNESP, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, s/n. o, C.P. 355, CEP 14801-970, Araraquara, SP, Brasil.
The total and partially purified enzyme pectinmethylesterase from acerola fruit was covalently immobilized on porous silica particles. These efficiency values were 114% for the total PME and 351% for the partially purified PME. In both forms the immobilization resulted in compounds with high thermal stability.
Syst Appl Microbiol. 2002 Aug;25(2):294-300.
Yeasts associated with fresh and frozen pulps of Brazilian tropical fruits.
Trindade RC, Resende MA, Silva CM, Rosa CA.
Departamento de Morfologia, Centro de Ciencias Biologicas e da Saude, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Brazil.
The occurrence of yeasts on ripe fruits and frozen pulps of pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L), mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gom.), umbu (Spondias tuberosa Avr. Cam.), and acerola (Malpighia glaba L) was verified. The incidence of proteolytic, pectinolytic, and mycocinogenic yeasts on these communities was also determined. A total of 480 colonies was isolated and grouped in 405 different strains. These corresponded to 42 ascomycetous and 28 basidiomycetous species. Candida sorbosivorans, Pseudozyma antarctica, C. spandovensis-like, C. spandovensis, Kloeckera apis, C. parapsilosis, Rhodotorula graminis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Cryptococcus laurentii, Metchnikowia sp (isolated only from pitanga ripe fruits), Issatchenkia occidentalis and C. krusei (isolated only from mangaba frozen pulps), were the most frequent species. The yeast communities from pitanga ripe fruits exhibited the highest frequency of species, followed by communities from acerola ripe fruits and mangaba frozen pulps. Yeast communities from frozen pulp and ripe fruits of umbu had the lowest number of species. Except the yeasts from pitanga, yeast communities from frozen pulp exhibited higher number of yeasts than ripe fruit communities. Mycocinogenic yeasts were found in all of the substrates studied except in communities from umbu ripe fruits and pitanga frozen pulps. Most of the yeasts found to produce mycocins were basidiomycetes and included P. antarctica, Cryptococcus albidus, C. bhutanensis-like, R. graminis and R. mucilaginosa-like from pitanga ripe fruits as well as black yeasts from pitanga and acerola ripe fruits. The umbu frozen pulps community had the highest frequency of proteolytic species. Yeasts able to hydrolyse casein at pH 5.0 represented 38.5% of the species isolated. Thirty-seven percent of yeast isolates were able to hydrolyse casein at pH 7.0. Pectinolytic yeasts were found in all of the communities studied, excepted for those of umbu frozen pulps. The highest frequency of pectinolytic activity was found in mangaba frozen pulp communities. Around 30% of all isolates produced pectinases. The ability to split arbutin was observed in all communities ranging from 8% in yeasts from pitanga frozen pulps to 40.6% in acerola ripe fruit communities. Among 432 species tested, 125 were active for beta-glucosidase production, and Kloeckera apis, P. antarctica, C. sorbosivorans, and C. spandovensis-like were the most active species.
J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Jul 3;50(14):4103-7.
Partial purification and characterization of pectin methylesterase from acerola (Malpighia glabra L.).
De Assis SA, Martins AB, Guaglianoni DG, De Faria Oliveira OM.
Instituto de Quimica, Departamento de Bioquimica e Tecnologia Quimica, UNESP, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni s/n, C.P. 355, CEP 14801-970, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
The enzyme pectin methylesterase (PME) is present in acerola fruit and was partially purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The results of gel filtration showed different PME isoforms. The total PME (precipitated by 70% salt saturation) and one of these isoforms (fraction from Sephadex G-100 elution) that showed a molecular mass of 15.5 1.0 kDa were studied. The optimum pH values of both forms were 9.0. The total and the partially purified PME showed that PME specific activity increases with temperature. The total acerola PME retained 13.5% of its specific activity after 90 min of incubation at 98 degrees C. The partially purified acerola (PME isoform) showed 125.5% of its specific activity after 90 min of incubation at 98 degrees C. The K(m) values of the total PME and the partially purified PME isoform were 0.081 and 0.12 mg/mL, respectively. The V(max) values of the total PME and the partially purified PME were 2.92 and 6.21 micromol/min/mL/mg of protein, respectively.
J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Dec;49(12):5880-2.
Volatile flavor constituents of acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) fruit.
Pino JA, Marbot R.
Food Industry Research Institute, Carretera del Guatao km 3 1/2, C. Habana 19200, Cuba.
Volatile components were isolated from acerola fruit by simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction according to the Likens-Nickerson method and analyzed by GC and GC-MS methods. One hundred fifty constituents were identified in the aroma concentrate, from which furfural, hexadecanoic acid, 3-methyl-3-butenol, and limonene were found to be the major constituents. The amounts of esters, 3-methyl-3-butenol, and their various esters were thought to contribute to the unique flavor of the acerola fruit.
Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1998 Sep;48(3):256-9.
Vitamin C in Barbados cherry Malpighia glabra L. pulp submitted to processing and to different forms of storage.
Visentainer JV, Vieira OA, Matsushita M, de Souza NE.
Departamento de Quimica-Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Brasil.
Ripe fruits of Barbados cherry Malpighia glabra L. proceeding from the fruit-growing section of Iguatemi Experimental Farm of Universidade Estadual de Maringa (PR), were triturated in a liquefier and hulled in a stainless steel sieve with 25 mesh. The bagasse (seeds and hull) was discarded and the vitamin C content was immediately determined, which was 1.79 g by 100 g of pulp. After that, the integral pulp was packed in glass flasks and submitted to the exhaustion and pasteurization processes and then hermetically closed. After the heat treatment the vitamin C content was 1.54 g by 100 g of pulp. The sealed flasks of Barbados cherry pulp, with and without the aluminum foil protection, were stored for 40 days. The first portion was kept at room temperature, the second in a refrigerator (1 degree C), and the third in a freezer (-18 degrees C). The vitamin C content analysis were realized on the 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th, 30th and 40th day. For the flasks stored without the aluminum foil protection, there was a loss of 22.08%, 7.79% and 1.30% and with aluminum foil the loss was of 10.40%, 3.90% and 1.30% for the storage at room, refrigeration and freezing temperatures, respectively. The results show that freezing method is the best form of vitamin C preservation.
Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1997 Mar;47(1):70-2. [Physico-chemical characterization of acerola (Malpighia glabra L.) produced in Maringa, Parana State, Brazil]
[Article in Portuguese]
Visentainer JV, Vieira OA, Matsushita M, de Souza NE.
Departamento de Quimica, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Parana, Brasil.
The acerola Malpighia glabra L., originally from the Antillas and North of South America, known by the people as cereja-das-antilhas or cereja-do-para distinguish itself by its high content of vitamin C. The ripe and fresh acerola fruits utilized in experiments, were obtained from farmers of Maringa region, Parana State, Brazil. The fruits were hulled in steel sieve with 25 mesh and the bagasse (seeds and hull) discarded. These physico-chemical analysis were realized in the pulp: vitamin C, moisture, protein, carbohydrate, fiber, lipids and fatty acids composition. We also determined the content of ash and cadmium, calcium, lead, copper, chrome, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium and zinc minerals. The average content of vitamin C was 1.79 g/100 g of pulp, it was higher than the one for other fruits, like pineapple, araca, cashew, guava, kiwi, orange, lemon, and strawberry and lower than the camu-camu sylvestral fruit of Amazonia. The contents of moisture, carbohydrate, fiber, lipids and minerals in the acerola were not significantly different when compared to other fruits.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1993 Dec;40(3):207-13.
Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. 2. Evaluation of antifungal activity of seven American plants.
Caceres A, Lopez B, Juarez X, del Aguila J, Garcia S.
Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos (USAC), Ciudad Universitaria, Guatemala.
From 52 plants screened for antifungal activity, 26 (50%) were active against dermatophytes. This paper reports further evaluation of seven American plants against four pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton rubrum), the part showing most activity, the best solvent and, in three cases, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the fungus in pure culture. Antifungal activity was confirmed in all of the plants, but not all parts; the most active parts were the bark and leaves. The most active species were Byrsonima crassifolia, Cassia grandis, Gliricidia sepium and Malpighia glabra. Diphysa robinioides, Rhizophora mangle and Cassia occidentalis were less active. The most susceptible fungi were E. floccosum and T. rubrum; A. flavus was not susceptible. Ethanol was usually the best solvent and the MIC of C. grandis, C. occidentalis and D. robinioides was 50 micrograms/ml.
ALCACHOFRA
Clinical References on Alcachofra (Artichoke) Cynara scolymus
1: Schutz K, Kammerer D, Carle R, Schieber A.
Identification and quantification of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids from
artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) heads, juice, and pomace by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS(n).
J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Jun 30;52(13):4090-6.
PMID: 15212452 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2: Li H, Xia N, Brausch I, Yao Y, Forstermann U.
Flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) upregulate eNOS gene expression
in human endothelial cells.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 May 3 [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 15123766 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
3: Caldas ED, Machado LL.
Cadmium, mercury and lead in medicinal herbs in Brazil.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2004 Apr;42(4):599-603.
PMID: 15019183 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
4: Lanteri S, Saba E, Cadinu M, Mallica GM, Baghino L, Portis E.
Amplified fragment length polymorphism for genetic diversity assessment in
globe artichoke.
Theor Appl Genet. 2004 May;108(8):1534-44. Epub 2004 Feb 14.
PMID: 14968303 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
5: Sanz S, Gimenez M, Olarte C.
Survival and growth of Listeria monocytogenes and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia
coli O157:H7 in minimally processed artichokes.
J Food Prot. 2003 Dec;66(12):2203-9.
PMID: 14672214 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
6: Pittler MH, White AR, Stevinson C, Ernst E.
Effectiveness of artichoke extract in preventing alcohol-induced hangovers: a
randomized controlled trial.
CMAJ. 2003 Dec 9;169(12):1269-73.
PMID: 14662662 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
7: Holtmann G, Adam B, Haag S, Collet W, Grunewald E, Windeck T.
Efficacy of artichoke leaf extract in the treatment of patients with functional
dyspepsia: a six-week placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre trial.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Dec;18(11-12):1099-105.
PMID: 14653829 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
8: Fuji S, Yamamoto H, Furuya H, Naito H.
Characterization of a new potyvirus isolated from Chinese artichoke in Japan.
Arch Virol. 2003 Nov;148(11):2249-55.
PMID: 14579181 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
9: Vergauwen R, Van Laere A, Van den Ende W.
Properties of fructan:fructan 1-fructosyltransferases from chicory and globe
thistle, two Asteracean plants storing greatly different types of inulin.
Plant Physiol. 2003 Sep;133(1):391-401.
PMID: 12970504 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
10: Sanchez-Rabaneda F, Jauregui O, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Bastida J, Viladomat
F, Codina C.
Identification of phenolic compounds in artichoke waste by high-performance
liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
J Chromatogr A. 2003 Aug 1;1008(1):57-72.
PMID: 12943250 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
11: Jimenez-Escrig A, Dragsted LO, Daneshvar B, Pulido R, Saura-Calixto F.
In vitro antioxidant activities of edible artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and
effect on biomarkers of antioxidants in rats.
J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Aug 27;51(18):5540-5.
PMID: 12926911 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
12: Wittemer SM, Veit M.
Validated method for the determination of six metabolites derived from
artichoke leaf extract in human plasma by high-performance liquid
chromatography-coulometric-array detection.
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2003 Aug 15;793(2):367-75.
PMID: 12906912 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
13: Betancor-Fernandez A, Perez-Galvez A, Sies H, Stahl W.
Screening pharmaceutical preparations containing extracts of turmeric rhizome,
artichoke leaf, devil's claw root and garlic or salmon oil for antioxidant capacity.
J Pharm Pharmacol. 2003 Jul;55(7):981-6.
PMID: 12906755 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
14: Miralles JC, Garcia-Sells J, Bartolome B, Negro JM.
Occupational rhinitis and bronchial asthma due to artichoke (Cynara scolymus).
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003 Jul;91(1):92-5.
PMID: 12877457 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
15: Hiner AN, Sidrach L, Chazarra S, Varon R, Tudela J, Garcia-Canovas F,
Rodriguez-Lopez JN.
Compound I formation in artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) peroxidase is modulated
by the equilibrium between pentacoordinated and 6-aquo hexacoordinated forms of
the heme and by calcium ions.
Biochemistry. 2003 Jul 29;42(29):8799-808.
PMID: 12873141 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
16: Sanz MJ, Porcuna JL, Calvo E, Martin C.
Artichoke cultivars (var. "Blanca de Tudela") under elevated ozone concentrations.
ScientificWorldJournal. 2002 Mar 26;2:811-7.
PMID: 12806006 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
17: Thompson Coon JS, Ernst E.
Herbs for serum cholesterol reduction: a systematic view.
J Fam Pract. 2003 Jun;52(6):468-78. Review.
PMID: 12791229 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
18: Speroni E, Cervellati R, Govoni P, Guizzardi S, Renzulli C, Guerra MC.
Efficacy of different Cynara scolymus preparations on liver complaints.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Jun;86(2-3):203-11.
PMID: 12738088 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
19: Lopez-Molina D, Heering HA, Smulevich G, Tudela J, Thorneley RN,
Garcia-Canovas F, Rodriguez-Lopez JN.
Purification and characterization of a new cationic peroxidase from fresh
flowers of Cynara scolymus L.
J Inorg Biochem. 2003 Mar 1;94(3):243-54.
PMID: 12628704 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
20: Saenz Rodriguez T, Garcia Gimenez D, de la Puerta Vazquez R.
Choleretic activity and biliary elimination of lipids and bile acids induced by
an artichoke leaf extract in rats.
Phytomedicine. 2002 Dec;9(8):687-93.
PMID: 12587687 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
21: Khalil MM.
Bioavailability of zinc in fiber-enriched bread fortified with zinc sulphate.
Nahrung. 2002 Dec;46(6):389-93.
PMID: 12577585 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
22: Goupy P, Dufour C, Loonis M, Dangles O.
Quantitative kinetic analysis of hydrogen transfer reactions from dietary
polyphenols to the DPPH radical.
J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Jan 29;51(3):615-22.
PMID: 12537431 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
23: Wang M, Simon JE, Aviles IF, He K, Zheng QY, Tadmor Y.
Analysis of antioxidative phenolic compounds in artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.).
J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Jan 29;51(3):601-8.
PMID: 12537429 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
24: Cairns AJ.
Fructan biosynthesis in transgenic plants.
J Exp Bot. 2003 Jan;54(382):549-67. Review.
PMID: 12508066 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
25: Shimoda H, Ninomiya K, Nishida N, Yoshino T, Morikawa T, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M.
Anti-hyperlipidemic sesquiterpenes and new sesquiterpene glycosides from the
leaves of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.): structure requirement and mode of action.
Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2003 Jan 20;13(2):223-8.
PMID: 12482428 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
26: Cervellati R, Renzulli C, Guerra MC, Speroni E.
Evaluation of antioxidant activity of some natural polyphenolic compounds using
the Briggs-Rauscher reaction method.
J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Dec 18;50(26):7504-9.
PMID: 12475261 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
27: Sanz S, Gimenez M, Olarte C, Lomas C, Portu J.
Effectiveness of chlorine washing disinfection and effects on the appearance of
artichoke and borage.
J Appl Microbiol. 2002;93(6):986-93.
PMID: 12452954 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
28: Zapolska-Downar D, Zapolski-Downar A, Naruszewicz M, Siennicka A,
Krasnodebska B, Koldziej B.
Protective properties of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) against oxidative stress
induced in cultured endothelial cells and monocytes.
Life Sci. 2002 Nov 1;71(24):2897-08.
PMID: 12377270 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
29: Gebhardt R.
Prevention of taurolithocholate-induced hepatic bile canalicular distortions by
HPLC-characterized extracts of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaves.
Planta Med. 2002 Sep;68(9):776-9.
PMID: 12357385 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
30: Wegener T.
[The status of herbal antilipemic agents]
Wien Med Wochenschr. 2002;152(15-16):412-7. Review. German.
PMID: 12244889 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
31: Gebhardt R.
Anticholestatic activity of flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and
of their metabolites.
Med Sci Monit. 2001 May;7 Suppl 1:316-20.
PMID: 12211745 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
32: Bilia AR, Bergonzi MC, Mazzi G, Vincieri FF.
Analysis and stability of the constituents of artichoke and St. John's wort
tinctures by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS.
Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2002 May;28(5):609-19.
PMID: 12098850 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
33: Llorach R, Espin JC, Tomas-Barberan FA, Ferreres F.
Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) byproducts as a potential source of
health-promoting antioxidant phenolics.
J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Jun 5;50(12):3458-64.
PMID: 12033811 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
34: Aktay G, Deliorman D, Ergun E, Ergun F, Yesilada E, Cevik C.
Hepatoprotective effects of Turkish folk remedies on experimental liver injury.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2000 Nov;73(1-2):121-9.
PMID: 11025147 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
35: Trebaol G, Gardan L, Manceau C, Tanguy JL, Tirilly Y, Boury S.
Genomic and phenotypic characterization of Xanthomonas cynarae sp. nov., a new
species that causes bacterial bract spot of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.).
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2000 Jul;50 Pt 4:1471-8.
PMID: 10939652 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
36: Mauri P, Pietta P.
Electrospray characterization of selected medicinal plant extracts.
J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2000 Aug 1;23(1):61-8.
PMID: 10898155 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
37: Hellwege EM, Czapla S, Jahnke A, Willmitzer L, Heyer AG.
Transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers synthesize the full spectrum of
inulin molecules naturally occurring in globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus) roots.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Jul 18;97(15):8699-704.
PMID: 10890908 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
38: Van den Ende W, Michiels A, Van Wonterghem D, Vergauwen R, Van Laere A.
Cloning, developmental, and tissue-specific expression of sucrose:sucrose
1-fructosyl transferase from Taraxacum officinale. Fructan localization in
roots.
Plant Physiol. 2000 May;123(1):71-80.
PMID: 10806226 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
39: Megias MD, Martinez-Teruel A, Hernandez MR.
Potential environmental impact of effluents from the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) byproduct ensiling process using additives.
J Agric Food Chem. 1999 Jun;47(6):2455-8.
PMID: 10794650 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
40: Wegener T, Fintelmann V.
[Pharmacological properties and therapeutic profile of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.)]
Wien Med Wochenschr. 1999;149(8-10):241-7. Review. German.
PMID: 10483691 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
41: Gebhardt R.
Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in primary cultured rat hepatocytes by
artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) extracts.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Sep;286(3):1122-8.
PMID: 9732368 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
42: Hellwege EM, Raap M, Gritscher D, Willmitzer L, Heyer AG.
Differences in chain length distribution of inulin from Cynara scolymus and
Helianthus tuberosus are reflected in a transient plant expression system using
the respective 1-FFT cDNAs.
FEBS Lett. 1998 May 1;427(1):25-8.
PMID: 9613593 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
43: Hellwege EM, Gritscher D, Willmitzer L, Heyer AG.
Transgenic potato tubers accumulate high levels of 1-kestose and nystose: functional identification of a sucrose sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) blossom discs.
Plant J. 1997 Nov;12(5):1057-65.
PMID: 9418047 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
44: Gebhardt R.
Antioxidative and protective properties of extracts from leaves of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) against hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in cultured rat hepatocytes.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1997 Jun;144(2):279-86.
PMID: 9194411 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
45: Kchouk ML, Mliki A, Chatibi A, Ghorbel A.
In vitro organogenesis and transgenosis aspects in globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.).
Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 1997 May;43(3):399-408.
PMID: 9193795 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
46: Yasukawa K, Akihisa T, Oinuma H, Kaminaga T, Kanno H, Kasahara Y, Tamura T,
Kumaki K, Yamanouchi S, Takido M.
Inhibitory effect of taraxastane-type triterpenes on tumor promotion by
12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin.
Oncology. 1996 Jul-Aug;53(4):341-4.
PMID: 8692541 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
47: Quirce S, Tabar AI, Olaguibel JM, Cuevas M.
Occupational contact urticaria syndrome caused by globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus).
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996 Feb;97(2):710-1. No abstract available.
PMID: 8621859 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
48: Khalkova Zh, Vangelova K, Zaikov Kh.
[An experimental study of the effect of an artichoke preparation on the
activity of the sympathetic-adrenal system in carbon disulfide exposure]
Probl Khig. 1995;20:162-71. Bulgarian.
PMID: 8524739 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
49: Tavazza M, Lucioli A, Calogero A, Pay A, Tavazza R.
Nucleotide sequence, genomic organization and synthesis of infectious
transcripts from a full-length clone of artichoke mottle crinkle virus.
J Gen Virol. 1994 Jul;75 ( Pt 7):1515-24.
PMID: 8021582 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
50: Ilieva P, Khalkova Zh, Zaikov Kh, Kapurdov V, Ivanova-Chemishanska L.
[The action of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus) on the male gonads in an experiment]
Probl Khig. 1994;19:105-11. Bulgarian.
PMID: 7845981 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
51: Hammouda FM, Seif el-Nasr MM, Shahat AA.
Flavonoids of Cynara scolymus L. cultivated in Egypt.
Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 1993 Sep;44(2):163-9. No abstract available.
PMID: 8378274 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
52: Ruppelt BM, Pereira EF, Goncalves LC, Pereira NA.
Pharmacological screening of plants recommended by folk medicine as anti-snake
venom--I. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1991;86 Suppl 2:203-5.
PMID: 1842002 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
53: Hinou J, Harvala C, Philianos S.
[Polyphenolic substances of Cynara scolymus L. leaves]
Ann Pharm Fr. 1989;47(2):95-8. French.
PMID: 2610472 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
54: Adzet T, Camarasa J, Laguna JC.
Hepatoprotective activity of polyphenolic compounds from Cynara scolymus
against CCl4 toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes.
J Nat Prod. 1987 Jul-Aug;50(4):612-7.
PMID: 3430163 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
55: Meding B.
Allergic contact dermatitis from artichoke, Cynara scolymus.
Contact Dermatitis. 1983 Jul;9(4):314. No abstract available.
PMID: 6225611 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
56: Sayed MD.
Traditional medicine in health care.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1980 Mar;2(1):19-22.
PMID: 7464176 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
57: Heckers H, Dittmar K, Schmahl FW, Huth K.
Inefficiency of cynarin as therapeutic regimen in familial type II hyperlipoproteinaemia.
Atherosclerosis. 1977 Feb;26(2):249-53.
PMID: 576409 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
58: Bartoshuk LM, Lee CH, Scarpellino R.
Sweet taste of water induced by artichoke (Cynara scolymus).
Science. 1972 Dec 1;178(64):988-9. No abstract available.
PMID: 5084667 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
59: Bogaert JP, Mortier F, Jouany JM, Pelt JM, Delaveau P.
[Organic acids, principally acid-alcohols, in Cynara scolymus L. (Compositae)]
Ann Pharm Fr. 1972 Jun;30(6):401-8. French. No abstract available.
PMID: 5082443 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
60: Maros T, Seres-Sturm L, Racz G, Rettegi C, Kovacs VV, Hints M.
[Effect of Cynara scolymus-extracts on the regeneration of rat liver. 2]
Arzneimittelforschung. 1968 Jul;18(7):884-6. German. No abstract available.
PMID: 5755836 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
61: Nichiforesco E.
[Considerations on the stability of o-dihydroxyphenolic derivatives of
artichoke leaves (Cynara scolymus L.)]
Ann Pharm Fr. 1967 Apr;25(4):285-90. French. No abstract available.
PMID: 5616105 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
62: Nichiforesco E.
[Variation of caffeic acid type o-dihydroxyphenolic derivatives of the
artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) during its period of vegetation]
Ann Pharm Fr. 1966 Jun;24(6):451-6. French. No abstract available.
PMID: 5925436 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
63: Maros T, Racz G, Katonai B, Kovacs VV.
[Effects of Cynara Scolymus extracts on the regeneration of rat liver. 1.]
Arzneimittelforschung. 1966 Feb;16(2):127-9. German. No abstract available.
PMID: 6014003 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
64: Nichiforesco E, Coucou V.
[On the determination of o-dihydrophenols of caffeic acid type present in
artichoke leaves (Cynara scolymus L.)]
Ann Pharm Fr. 1965 Jun;23(6):419-27. French. No abstract available.
PMID: 5844391 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
65: Dranik LI.
[Quantitative analysis of cynarin in the leaves of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.)]
Farm Zh. 1965;20(5):56-9. Ukrainian. No abstract available.
PMID: 5888688 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
66: DRANIK LI, CHERNOBAI VT, KOLESNIKOV DG.
[ON POLYPHENOL COMPOUNDS OF ARTICHOKE (CYNARA SCOLYMUS L.)]
Med Prom SSSR. 1964 May;18:23-7. Russian. No abstract available.
PMID: 14224112 [PubMed - OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966]
67: SAMOCHOWIEC L, HABCZYNSKA D, WAZNA-BOGUNSKA C.
[Effect of the atherogenic diet and Cynara scolymus L, and Cynara cardunculus
L. on the histopathological picture of the coronary vessels and myocardium in rats]
Patol Pol. 1962 Jul-Sep;13:337-48. Polish. No abstract available.
PMID: 13991323 [PubMed - OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966]
68: SAMOCHOWIEC L.
[Further studies on anti-arteriosclerotic properties of Cynara scolymus L and Cynara cardunculus L.]
Acta Physiol Pol. 1960 Sep-Dec;11:879-81. Polish. No abstract available.
PMID: 13745931 [PubMed - OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966]
69: ROCCHIETTA S.
The artichoke (Cynara scolymus) from antiquity to the present day.
Panminerva Med. 1960 Feb;2:89-94. No abstract available.
PMID: 14438030 [PubMed - OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966]
70: ROCCHIETTA S.
[Pharmaceutical and therapeutic history of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.)
from antiquity to the present time.]
Minerva Farm. 1959 May;8(5):71-8. Italian. No abstract available.
PMID: 13674157 [PubMed - OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966]
71: BURGUENO CELA A.
[Note on the bacteriostatic action of "Cynara scolymus L."]
Farmacognosia. 1959 Apr-Jun;19:165-9. Spanish. No abstract available.
PMID: 13806102 [PubMed - OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966]
72: DEL VECCHIO A.
[Action of an extract of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) on cholesterolesterase in vitro]
Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1953 Jan;29(1):48-50. Undetermined Language.
PMID: 13066651 [PubMed - OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966]
Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in primary cultured rat hepatocytes by artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) extracts.
Gebhardt R
Physiologisch-chemisches Institut der Universitat, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998 Sep;286(3):1122-8
High-dose aqueous extracts from artichoke leaves were found to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis from 14C-acetate in primary cultured rat hepatocytes in a concentration-dependent biphasic manner with moderate inhibition (approximately 20%) between 0.007 and 0.1 mg/ml and more strong inhibition at 1 mg/ml. Cytotoxic effects detected by lactate dehydrogenase leakage and the 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-dephenyl tetrazolium bromide-assay were restricted to higher concentrations. Replacement of 14C-acetate by 14C-mevalonate largely omitted the inhibiting effect of artichoke extracts indicating an inhibition at the level of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-reductase. However, no direct inhibition of this enzyme could be detected and no other enzymic steps later in the biosynthetic pathway for cholesterol seemed to be affected. Instead, inhibition was found to occur in a time-dependent manner, to last for several hours even after washing out the extracts by fresh medium and to be fully reversible within 20 hr after removal of the extracts. In addition, the stimulation of HMGCoA-reductase activity by insulin was efficiently blocked by the extracts, although other insulin-dependent phenomena, such as increased lactate production, were not influenced. These results suggest an indirect modulation of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-reductase activity as the most likely inhibitory mechanism of the artichoke extracts. Screening of several known constituents of artichoke extracts revealed that cynaroside and particularly its aglycone luteolin were mainly responsible for inhibition, whereas chlorogenic acid was much less effective and caffeic acid, cynarin and other dicaffeoylquinic acids were without significant influence. Indeed, luteolin also efficiently blocked the insulin effect on cholesterol biosynthesis. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that artichoke extracts may inhibit hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis in an indirect but efficient manner and, thus, may contribute via this action to the recently confirmed hypolipidemic influence of this phytopharmacon in man.
Differences in chain length distribution of inulin from Cynara scolymus and Helianthus tuberosus are reflected in a transient plant expression system using the respective 1-FFT cDNAs.
Hellwege EM, Raap M, Gritscher D, Willmitzer L, Heyer AG
Max-Planck-Institut fur Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Golm, Germany.
FEBS Lett 1998 May 1;427(1):25-8
A newly isolated cDNA clone, Cy3, encoding the fructan fructan 1-fructosyltransferase (1-FFT) from artichoke was expressed using tobacco protoplasts as expression system. Analysis of the inulin molecules synthesized upon incubation of protoplast extracts with a mixture of oligofructans (DP3-5) shows the production of inulins with a degree of polymerization (DP) of up to 23, whereas parallel experiments performed using a 1-FFT cDNA from Jerusalem artichoke led to the production of fructans with a DP of up to only 12. The results of in vitro fructan synthesis catalyzed by transiently expressed enzymes therefore reflect the difference of in vivo fructan composition of Jerusalem artichoke (M(DP) = 8-10) and artichoke (M(DP) = 65). These data suggest that the fructan pattern in a given species is mainly defined by the enzymatic characteristics of 1-FFT.
Antioxidative and protective properties of extracts from leaves of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) against hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in cultured rat hepatocytes.
Gebhardt R
Physiologisch-Chemisches Institut, University of Tubingen, Germany.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997 Jun;144(2):279-86
Primary rat hepatocyte cultures exposed to tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP) or cumene hydroperoxide were used to assess the antioxidative and protective potential of water-soluble extracts of artichoke leaves. Both hydroperoxides stimulated the production of malondialdehyde (MDA), particularly when the cells were pretreated with diethylmaleate (DEM) in order to diminish the level of cellular glutathione (GSH). Addition of artichoke extracts did not affect basal MDA production, but prevented the hydroperoxide-induced increase of MDA formation in a concentration-dependent manner when presented simultaneously or prior to the peroxides. The effective concentrations (down to 0.001 mg/ml) were well below the cytotoxic levels of the extracts which started above 1 mg/ml. The protective potential assessed by the LDH leakage assay and the MTT assay closely paralleled the reduction in MDA production and largely prevented hepatocyte necrosis induced by the hydroperoxides. The artichoke extracts did not affect the cellular level of glutathione (GSH), but diminished the loss of total GSH and the cellular leakage of GSSG resulting from exposure to t-BHP. Chlorogenic acid and cynarin accounted for only part of the antioxidative principle of the extracts which was resistant against tryptic digestion, boiling, acidification, and other treatments, but was slightly sensitive to alkalinization. These results demonstrate that artichoke extracts have a marked antioxidative and protective potential. Primary hepatocyte cultures seem suitable for identifying the constituents responsible for these effects and for elucidating their possible mode of action.
In vitro organogenesis and transgenosis aspects in globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.).
Kchouk ML, Mliki A, Chatibi A, Ghorbel A
Institut National de Recherche Scientifique et Technique, Laboratoire de Culture in vitro, Hammam-lif, Tunisia.
Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 1997 May;43(3):399-408
The genetic transformation of globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) cells is possible. However, the percentage of transformed cells is still low and the regeneration process appeared to be the critical step towards the obtention of transgenic plants. The present work reports the organogenesis potentialities from new vegetal materials: cotyledons and leaves from in vitro artichoke plants. The results showed that cotyledons gave better rates of neoformation than leaves and this was reached in a shorter time. Regarding the transfer of genetic resistance to globe artichoke, a model system was developed using Nicotiana benthamiana as systemic host for artichoke viral diseases. Mutagenized sequences of the replicase gene of artichoke motteled crinckle virus (AMCV) as transferable genetic material for resistance induction were performed. Transgenic lines of Nicotiana benthamiana were obtained and some of them presented a considerable attenuation of symptoms when challenged with
AMCV. Inefficiency of cynarin as therapeutic regimen in familial type II hyperlipoproteinaemia.
Heckers H; Dittmar K; Schmahl FW; Huth K
Atherosclerosis, 26: 2, 1977 Feb, 249-53
Abstract:
Seventeen ambulant outpatients with familial Type IIa or Type IIb hyperlipoproteinaemia were treated with Cynarin, the 1,5-dicaffeyl ester of quinic acid, the constituent of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus). The dose tested was 250 mg and 750 mg daily. The mean serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were not significantly changed within 3 months. Cynarin, administered per os, has no hypolipidaemic effect in familial Type II hyperlipoproteinaemia.
Traditional medicine in health care.
Sayed MD
J Ethnopharmacol, 2: 1, 1980 Mar, 19-22
The state of research on plants used in traditional medicine and its development in Egypt is indicated by the number of scientific institutions devoted to this problem: Universities, the National Research Centre, the Desert Institute and the Horticulture Department of the Ministry of Agriculture. Moreover, the use of certain medicinal plants has been "industrialised', e.g., Ammi visnaga, Cymbopogon proximus, Nigella sativa and Aloe vera. Other plants are under investigation: Urginea maritima, Phytolacca americana and Euphorbia sp. (known for its claimed antitumour properties), Glycyrrhiza glabra, Cynara scolymus and Solanum laciniatum.
Flavonoids as antioxidants evaluated by in vitro and in situ liver chemiluminescence.
Fraga CG; Martino VS; Ferraro GE; Coussio JD; Boveris A
Biochem Pharmacol 36: 717-20 (1987)
Abstract
Administration of eriodyctiol and (+)-catechin (10 mg/100 g of body weight) to mice inhibited the enhancement of in situ liver chemiluminescence produced by CCl4 (0.5 ml/100 g) by 32 and 38% respectively. 3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid was less effective (13% ), and cynarin had no effect. Previously, these compounds and other polyphenols were assayed as in vitro antioxidants by their abilities to inhibit the tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH)-initiated chemiluminescence of mouse liver homogenates, and the IC50 (microM) values were as follows: (+)-catechin, 3; eriodyctiol, 9; myricetin and 4,2',4'-trihydroxy-6'-metoxychalcone, 15; 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 20; isochlorogenic acid, 30; caffeic acid, 5,6,3'-trihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone and cynarin, 50; chlorogenic acid and apigenin, 150; quercetin, pedalitin, sylimarin and quercetin-3-methyl ester, 200; 7,4'-dihydroxy-5-methoxyflavonone and kaempferol-3,7-dirhamnoside, 500; quercitrin, 900; and galangin-3-methyl ether, genkwanin, hesperidin, ombuoside, phloridzin, quinic acid, rhoifolin, rutin and sophoricoside, greater than 1 mM. The in vitro and in vivo effects of these flavonoids and polyphenols may be related to their antioxidant abilities, making them promising substances to be investigated as water-soluble protectors against lipid peroxidation and other free radical-mediated cell injury.
Radical scavenger activity of different 3',4'-dihydroxyflavonols and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid studied by inhibition of chemiluminescence.
Heilmann J; Merfort I; Weiss M
Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Dusseldorf, Germany.
Planta Med 61: 435-8 (1995)
Abstract
To gain more insights into structure-activity relationships, four 3',4'-dihydroxyflavonols differing in the substitution of the A and C rings and 1,5-dicaffeolyquinic acid were evaluated for their ability to inhibit chemiluminescence of human neutrophils stimulated with opsonized zymosan or FMLP as wellas in an enzymatic system with H2O2 and horseradish peroxidase. It could be shown that an additional o-dihydroxy structure in the A-ring, or a 6-methoxy group, respectively, has no significant influence, thus confirming the o-dihydroxy group of the B-ring as the most important structural feature for the radical scavenger activity. It can be supposed that the main effect of the tested flavonols is based on their inhibition of myeloperoxidase, besides inhibition of enzymes involved in activating the NADPH-oxidase, and a direct reaction with oxygen radicals. Inhibition of chemiluminescence by 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid was in the same order as those observed with the flavonols.
Structure-activity relationship of caffeic acid analogues from Cynara on xanthine oxidase inhibition.
Chan WS; Wen PC; Chiang HC
School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, R.O.C. Anticancer Res 15: 703-7 (1995)
Abstract
Caffeic acid has been reported to have activity on xanthine oxidase inhibition which is related to several diseases, e.g. gout, hepatitis and tumors. Based on this study, the alpha, beta-unsaturated COOH moiety in the molecule of caffeic acid plays a very important role on the xanthine oxidase inhibition because hydrocaffeic acid was inactive and the activities of coniferyl aldehyde and coniferyl alcohol were reduced as compared with ferulic acid. Moreover, chlorogenic acid showed a weaker activity than caffeic acid. On the other hand, the phenolic OH group present in the molecule of caffeic acid makes an important contribution to the activity, e.g. transcinnamic acid in which the absence of the phenolic OH group in the structure reduced its activity as compared with caffeic acid. Ferulic acid, isoferulic acid and 3,4-dimethoxy cinnamic acid also had reduced activity due to the methoxy groups replacing the phenolic OH group in the structures. However, m-coumaric acid displayed the strongest activity (IC50 = 63.31 microM) and induced uncompetitive inhibition with respect to the substrate xanthine (Ki = 21.568 microM). Caffeic acid (IC50 = 74.6 microM) showed the second strongest activity, followed by p-coumaric acid (IC50 = 111.09 microM).
† The statements contained herein have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. The information contained in this web file is intended for education, entertainment and information purposes only. This information is not intended to be used to diagnose, prescribe or replace proper medical care. The plants described herein are not intended to treat, cure, diagnose, mitigate or prevent any disease and no medical claims are made. Please refer to our Conditions of Use for using this web file and web site.
Raintree Products Company Mission Online Shopping Rainforest Philosophy 
© Copyrighted 1996 - 2005 Raintree Nutrition, Inc., Carson City, NV 89701. All rights reserved.
Please read the Conditions of Use, Copyright Statement and our Privacy Policy for this web page and web site.
