Clinical References on Cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale)
Jurberg P, et al. Effect of Niclosamide (Bayluscide WP 70), Anacardium occidentale hexane extract and Euphorbia splendens latex on behavior of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818), under laboratory conditions. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 1995 Mar-Apr
(Abstract Available)
Kubo I, et al. Tyrosinase inhibitors from Anacardium occidentale fruits. J Nat Prod, 1994
(Abstract Available)
de Oliveira F, et al. [Contribution to food microscopy of Anacardium occidentale L, Carica papaya L and Myrciaria cauliflora (Martius) Berg] Rev Farm Bioquim Univ Sao Paulo, 1975 Jul-Dec
(Abstract Available)
Mota ML, et al. Anti-inflammatory actions of tannins isolated from the bark of Anacardium occidentale L. J Ethnopharmacol, 1985 Jul
(Abstract Available)
Nagaraja KV. Lipids of high-yielding varieties of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 1987
(Abstract Available)
Swanston-Flatt SK, et al. Glycaemic effects of traditional European plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetes Res, 1989 Feb
(Abstract Available)
Mendes NM, et al. [Molluscacide activity of a mixture of 6-n-alkyl salicylic acids (anacardic acid) and 2 of its complexes with copper (II) and lead (II)] Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 1990 Oct-Dec
(Abstract Available)
Banerjee S, et al. Promoting action of cashew nut shell oil in DMBA-initiated mouse skin tumour model system. Cancer Lett, 1992 Feb 29
(Abstract Available)
França F, et al. [An evaluation of the effect of a bark extract from the cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) on infection by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis] Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 1993 Jul-Sep
(Abstract Available)
de Souza CP, et al. [The use of the shell of the cashew nut, Anacardium occidentale, as an alternative molluscacide] Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 1992 Sep-Oct
Laurens A, et al. [Molluscacidal activity of Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae)] Ann Pharm Fr, 1987
Smit HF, et al. Ayurvedic herbal drugs with possible cytostatic activity. J Ethnopharmacol, 1995 Jul
Laurens A, et al. [Study of antimicrobial activity of Anacardium occidentale L] Ann Pharm Fr, 1982 Jul
Paris R, et al. [Chemical and pharmacological study of leaves of Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae)] Bull Soc Med Afr Noire Lang Fr, 1977
Sivapragasm S, et al. The possible relationship between cardiac glycogen levels, ouabain toxicity and the anti-arrhythmic effect of anacardium occidentale. West Indian Med J, 1975 Sep
Bose S, et al. Anacardium occidentale gum. I. Immunochemical and hydrolytic studies. Indian J Biochem, 1970 Mar
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Effect of Niclosamide (Bayluscide WP 70), Anacardium occidentale hexane extract and Euphorbia splendens latex on behavior of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818), under laboratory conditions.
Jurberg P; Sarquis O; dos Santos JA; Ferreira R da C
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 90: 2, 1995 Mar-Apr, 191-4
The repellent effect of the molluscicides Niclosamide (Bayluscide WP 70), Anacardium occidentale and the latex of Euphorbia splendens on Biomphalaria glabrata was observed through the investigation of the occurrence of escape behavior among molluscs that were exposed to dosages lower than the LD 50. The total number of individuals out of water among the surviving snails in the control group provided a "Natural Escape Index". The comparison between this total and the total number of surviving snails in each group exposed to the different dosages of the molluscicides after 24 hr provided the "Molluscicide Escape Index" and the detection of a "Repellency Range" to these snails. The escape indexes for Niclosamide, A. occidentale and E. splendens were 10%, 6.22% and 6.44% respectively. Repellency occurred at the following concentration ranges: 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03 ppm Bayluscide, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 ppm A. occidentale and 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 ppm E. splendens. The Natural Escape Index obtained in the control group was zero.
Tyrosinase inhibitors from Anacardium occidentale fruits.
Kubo I; Kinst-Hori I; Yokokawa Y
Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley
J Nat Prod 57: 545-51 (1994)
Abstract
Anacardic acids, 2-methylcardols, and cardols isolated from various parts of the cashew [Anacardium occidentale] (Anacardiaceae) fruit have been found to exhibit tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Kinetic studies with the two principal active compounds, 6-[8(Z),11(Z),14-pentadecatrienyl]salicylic acid and 5-[8(Z),11(Z),14-pentadecatrienyl]resorcinol, have indicated that both of these phenolic compounds exhibit characteristic competitive inhibition of the oxidation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) by mushroom tyrosinase.
[Contribution to food microscopy of Anacardium occidentale L, Carica papaya L and Myrciaria cauliflora (Martius) Berg]
de Oliveira F; Akisue G; Akisue MK
Rev Farm Bioquim Univ Sao Paulo, 13: 2, 1975 Jul-Dec, 257-66
With a view towards food microscopy the authors present an anatomical study of the pseudofruit of Anacardium occidentale L., the fruit of Carica papaya L., and the fruit of Myrciaria cauliflora (Martius) Berg. Drawings illustrate the text to facilitate identification of the corresponding hystologic elements found in industrialized products.
Anti-inflammatory actions of tannins isolated from the bark of Anacardium occidentale L.
Mota ML; Thomas G; Barbosa Filho JM
J Ethnopharmacol, 13: 3, 1985 Jul, 289-300
A mixture of tannins (hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable) obtained from the bark of Anacardium occidentale L., on i.p. injection, demonstrated apparent anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan- and dextran-induced rat paw oedemas, cotton pellet granuloma test and adjuvant-induced polyarthritis in rats. At higher doses orally administered tannins also had activity in carrageenan paw oedema and adjuvant arthritis experiments. The tannins i.p. also inhibited acetic acid-induced "writhing responses" in mice and were found to antagonise the permeability-increasing effects in rats of certain mediators of inflammation and to inhibit the migration of leucocytes to an inflammatory site. While not appearing to act by the release of adrenal hormones, tannins may produce effects in a non-specific manner by their astringent properties on cell membranes thus affecting cell functions. The above results should be considered while studying the anti-inflammatory actions of plant extracts which contain tannins.
Lipids of high-yielding varieties of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.).
Nagaraja KV
Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 37: 4, 1987, 307-11
Cashew kernel lipids from high-yielding varieties have been characterised. Neutral lipid accounted for 96% while glycolipid and phospholipid accounted for the remaining 4%. Triglycerides were very rich in unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic) while glycolipids were rich in saturated fatty acids (lauric and myristic). Varietal difference was noticed with respect to the composition of neutral and glycolipids. Composition of phospholipid did not differ among high-yielding varieties.
Glycaemic effects of traditional European plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice.
Swanston-Flatt SK; Day C; Flatt PR; Gould BJ; Bailey CJ
Diabetes Res, 10: 2, 1989 Feb, 69-73
Twelve plants used for the traditional treatment of diabetes mellitus in northern Europe were studied using normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice to evaluate effects on glucose homeostasis. The plants were administered in the diet (6.25% by weight) and/or as decoctions or infusions in place of drinking water, to coincide with the traditional method of preparation. Treatment for 28 days with preparations of burdock (Arctium lappa), cashew (Anacardium occidentale), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), elder (Sambucus nigra), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), guayusa (Ilex guayusa), hop (Humulus lupulus), nettle (Urtica dioica), cultivated mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus), sage (Salvia officinale), and wild carrot (Daucus carrota) did not affect the parameters of glucose homeostasis examined in normal mice (basal plasma glucose and insulin, glucose tolerance, insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and glycated haemoglobin). After administration of streptozotocin (200 mg/kg) burdock and nettle aggravated the diabetic condition, while cashew, dandelion, elder, fenugreek, hop, periwinkle, sage and wild carrot did not significantly affect the parameters of glucose homeostasis studied (basal glucose and insulin, insulin-induced hypoglycaemia, glycated haemoglobin and pancreatic insulin concentration). Guayusa and mushroom retarded the development of hyperglycaemia in streptozotocin diabetes and reduced the hyperphagia, polydipsia, body weight loss, and glycated haemoglobin. Mushroom also countered the initial reduction in plasma insulin and the reduction in pancreatic insulin concentration, and improved the hypoglycaemic effect of exogenous insulin. These studies suggest the presence of potentially useful antidiabetic agents in guayusa and mushroom.
[Molluscacide activity of a mixture of 6-n-alkyl salicylic acids (anacardic acid) and 2 of its complexes with copper (II) and lead (II)]
Mendes NM; de Oliveira AB; Guimarães JE; Pereira JP; Katz N
Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 23: 4, 1990 Oct-Dec, 217-24
The molluscicide activity of hexanic extract from Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew) nut shell, of copper (II) complex, of lead (II) complex and anacardic acid has been compared in the laboratory in an attempt to obtain better stability than anacardic acid. This was obtained from the hexanic extract of the cashew nut shell by precipitation with lead (II) hydroxide or cupric sulfate plus sodium hydroxide or (II) cupric hydroxide followed by treatment of lead (II) complex with a diluted solution of sulfuric acid. Ten products of the mixture obtained were tested on adults snails of Biomphalaria glabrata at 1 to 10 ppm. The most active products were copper (II) complex, obtained by cupric sulfate plus sodium hydroxide, and anacardic acid (sodium hydroxide) which presented activity at 4 ppm. The anacardic acid's lead content was above the limits accepted by the United States standards.
Promoting action of cashew nut shell oil in DMBA-initiated mouse skin tumour model system.
Banerjee S; Rao AR
Cancer Lett, 62: 2, 1992 Feb 29, 149-52
The commercially available oil derived from the shell of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) was tested for its potency in promoting the DMBA-initiated cells into papillomas in a murine two-stage skin tumorigenesis model system. Male Swiss albino mice (9-10-weeks-old) were assorted into different groups and treated topically with single sub-carcinogenic doses of DMBA (50 micrograms in 0.1 ml acetone) followed by application of 1% and 2% shell oil in acetone three times a week. Animals were sacrificed after 20 weeks from the commencement of the experiment. The results imply a weak tumour promoting effect of cashew nut shell oil as the mean tumour incidences were found to be 1.1 and 2.5 in 1% and 2% oil treatment groups, respectively, while the corresponding figure vas 6.6 in the positive control group (DMBA and 1% croton oil in acetone). Few speculative mechanisms for the observed effect of cashew nut shell oil on initiated skin are discussed.
[An evaluation of the effect of a bark extract from the cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) on infection by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis]
França F; Cuba CA; Moreira EA; Miguel O; Almeida M; das Virgens M de L; Marsden PD
Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 26: 3, 1993 Jul-Sep, 151-5
This paper presents an evaluation of the therapeutic effect of an hydroalcoholic extract of A. occidentale L. bark against Leishmania (Viannia) brasiliensis. The extract showed high activity in the in vitro model against the promastigotes of this species. However in the in vivo model no curative activity was observed.
Clinical References on Carqueja (Baccharis genistelloides)
Mirocha CJ., T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol metabolism by Baccharis spp. Appl Environ Microbiol, 54: 9, 1988 Sep, 2277-80
(Abstract Available)
Sosa ME, et al. Insect antifeedant activity of clerodane diterpenoids. J Nat Prod, 1994 Sep
(Abstract Available)
Rahalison L, et al. Antifungal principles of Baccharis pedunculata [letter] Planta Med, 1995 Aug
(Abstract Available)
Xavier AA, et al. [Effect of an extract of Baccharis genistelloides Person on the glucose level of the blood] C R Seances Soc Biol Fil, 1967
Fullas F, et al. Cytotoxic constituents of Baccharis gaudichaudiana. J Nat Prod, 1994 Jun
Gene RM, et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extracts of three species of the genus Baccharis [letter] Planta Med, 1992 Dec
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T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol metabolism by Baccharis spp.
Mirocha CJ; Abbas HK; Treeful L; Bean G
Appl Environ Microbiol, 54: 9, 1988 Sep, 2277-80
Hybrids resulting from crosses between Baccharis sarothroides and B. pilularis (FS1), B.
sarothroides (FS2) and B. megapotamica (FS3) were tested for their tolerance to
trichothecenes as well as their ability to metabolize the toxins. B. sarothroides (desert broom) was placed in an aqueous solution containing 500 ppm of T-2 toxin and showed visible signs of toxicity on the twigs at 21 h after exposure but not at 6 h, indicating some resistance. Samples of the twigs harvested 6 and 21 h after treatment contained, respectively, T-2 (0.03 and 2.2 micrograms/g), HT-2 (0.09 and 7.6 micrograms/g), and T-2-tetraol (2.1 and 2.6 micrograms/g). The hybrid FS1 showed no signs of toxicity 6 h after treatment, and its twigs contained T-2 (0.8 micrograms/g), HT-2 (10.2 micrograms/g), and T-2-tetraol (10.8 micrograms/g). The leaves at 6 h contained 0.5 micrograms of T-2, 1.7 micrograms of HT-2, 0.01 microgram of 3'-hydroxy-HT-2, and 41 micrograms of T-2-tetraol per g. At 21 h, toxic signs were apparent and the twigs contained T-2 (39 micrograms/g), HT-2 (62 micrograms/g), 3'-hydroxy-HT-2 (0.8 microgram/g), and T-2-tetraol (22 micrograms/g).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Insect antifeedant activity of clerodane diterpenoids.
Sosa ME; Tonn CE; Giordano OS
J Nat Prod, 57: 9, 1994 Sep, 1262-5
Fourteen clerodane-type diterpenoids isolated from plants in the genera Baccharis, Teucrium, and Salvia were assayed for antifeedant activity against Tenebrio molitor larvae in order to establish structure-activity relationships. Among the compounds tested, furanoditerpenes with alpha, beta-unsaturated-gamma-lactone moieties, or C-4-epoxy substitution with C-5-methylacetoxy or C-12-acyloxy functionalities, exhibited maximal antifeedant and repellent activities.
Antifungal principles of Baccharis pedunculata [letter]
Rahalison L; Benathan M; Monod M; Frenk E; Gupta MP; Solis PN; Fuzzati N; Hostettmann K
Planta Med 61: 360-2 (1995)
Abstract
Four compounds including a flavone, an acetylenic lactone, a prenylated coumarin, and a 3-methyl ether flavone were isolated from the dichloromethane leaf extract of Baccharis pedunculata (Mill.) Cabr. (Asteraceae). The latter three compounds were identified to be responsible for the antifungal activity against some human pathogenic and phytopathogenic fungi. The most active compound, lachnophyllum lactone, an acetylenic lactone, showed a very high toxicity (LD50 2 micrograms/ml) against human keratinocytes.
Clinical References on Copaiba (Copaifera officinalis)
Gastroprotective effect of Copaifera langsdorffii oleo-resin on experimental gastric ulcer models in rats.
Paiva LA, et al.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1998 Aug;62(1):73-8.
The effects of oleo-resin obtained from the stem bark of Copaifera langsdorffii on ethanol, indomethacin and hypothermic
restraint-stress induced gastric lesions were studied in rats. Oral administration of oleo-resin at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg
provided dose-dependent significant protection against gastric damage caused by ethanol and restraint stress, and at a dose of
400 mg/kg it also prevented the gastric ulceration induced by indomethacin. Further, in the 4 h pylorus ligated rats, the
accumulation of gastric juice volume and the mucus secretion was significantly enhanced by oleo-resin whereas the total acidity
was inhibited. These results highlight the gastroprotective potential of C. langsdorffii oleo-resin and the need for a systematic
study on this traditional remedy.
Anti-inflammatory activity of oleoresin from Brazilian Copaifera.
Basile AC; Sertié JA; Freitas PC; Zanini AC
J Ethnopharmacol, 22: 1, 1988 Jan, 101-9
The oleoresin from Brazilian Copaifera species yielded copalic acid and sesquiterpenes and showed marked anti-inflammatory activity using various experimental models in rats. The oleoresin significantly inhibited carrageenin-induced pedal edema following oral doses from 0.70 to 2.69 ml/kg, but was somewhat less effective than 50 mg/kg calcium phenylbutazone. Repeated administration of the oleoresin at a dose of 1.26 ml/kg for a 6-day period reduced granuloma formation with a response comparable to that of 20 mg/kg of calcium phenylbutazone. This same dose of oleoresin also reduced the vascular permeability to intracutaneous histamine. The LD50 value of the oleoresin in rats was estimated to be 3.79 (3.21-4.47) ml/kg.
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intended to treat, cure, diagnose, mitigate or prevent any disease and no medical claims are made.
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