Clinical References on Chamomile
Jing Y., et.al., Structural requirements for differentiation-induction and growth-inhibition of mouse erythroleukemia cells by isoflavones [from chamomile]. Anticancer Res 15: 1147-52 (1995)
(Abstract Available)
Gerritsen ME., et.al., Flavonoids inhibit cytokine-induced endothelial cell adhesion protein gene expression [see comments]
Am J Pathol 147: 278-92 (1995)
(Abstract Available)
Sato F., et.al., Apigenin induces morphological differentiation and G2-M arrest in rat neuronal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 204: 578-84 (1994)
(Abstract Available)
Shipochliev T., et.al., [Anti-inflammatory action of a group of plant extracts] Vet Med Nauki, 18: 6, 1981, 87-94
(Abstract Available)
Carle, R. & Isaac, O.: Zeitschrift fur Phytotherapie 8:67-77 (1987).
Schilcher, H.: Die Kamille, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, 1987, 152 pp.
Mann, C and Staba, J. "The Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Commercial Formulations of Chamomile," Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, and Pharmacology, vol. 1, L.E. Craker and J.E. Simon, eds,. Oryx Press, Phoenix, Arizona, 1986
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Structural requirements for differentiation-induction and growth-inhibition of mouse erythroleukemia cells by isoflavones [from chamomile].
Jing Y; Waxman S
Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
Anticancer Res 15: 1147-52 (1995)
Abstract
Isoflavones are natural plant phytoestrogens which have been shown to have anticancer proliferation, differentiation and chemopreventive effects. In order to determine structure-function requirements, we compared the effects of several isoflavone derivatives and one flavone on mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cell growth and differentiation. All chemicals tested are closely related in structure to genistein (4',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone), a known differentiation inducer and tyrosine protein kinase inhibitor. Genistein, daidzein (4',7-dihydroxyisoflavone) and genistin (7-glucoside of genistein) induced differentiation of MEL cells based on benzidine staining. Biochanin A (5,7-dihydroxy-4'-metho-xyisoflavone) and apigenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone) had no differentiation inducing effect. The potency of these chemicals on cell growth inhibition was apigenin > genistein > genistin > biochanin A > daidzein. These results suggest that the isoflavone structure and 4'-hydroxyl group are essential for the differentiation induction effect, whereas trihydroxyl derivatives are good growth inhibitors. Daidzein is a potent differentiation inducer with the least cytotoxic effect.
Flavonoids inhibit cytokine-induced endothelial cell adhesion protein gene expression [see comments]
Gerritsen ME; Carley WW; Ranges GE; Shen CP; Phan SA; Ligon GF; Perry CA
Institute for Bone and Joint Disease and Cancer, Bayer Corporation, West Haven, Connecticut
Am J Pathol 147: 278-92 (1995)
[Note: Apigenin is an active constituent in chamomile]
Abstract
Treatment of human endothelial cells with cytokines such as interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or interferon-gamma induces the expression of specific leukocyte adhesion molecules on the endothelial cell surface. Interfering with either leukocyte adhesion or adhesion protein upregulation is an important therapeutic target as evidenced by the potent anti-inflammatory actions of neutralizing antibodies to these ligands in various animal models and in patients. In the present study we re
port that cotreatment of human endothelial cells with certain hydroxyflavones and flavanols blocks cytokine-induced ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin expression on human endothelial cells. One of the most potent flavones, apigenin, exhibited a dose- and time-dependent, reversible effect on adhesion protein expression as well as inhibiting adhesion protein upregulation at the transcriptional level. Apigenin also inhibited IL-1 alpha-induced prostaglandin synthesis and TNF-alpha-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production, suggesting that the hydroxyflavones may act as general inhibitors of cytokine-induced gene expression. Although apigenin did not inhibit TNF-alpha-induced nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B(p50(NFKB1)/p65(RelA)) we found this flavonoid did inhibit TNF-alpha induced beta-galactosidase activity in SW480 cells stably transfected with a beta-galactosidase reporter construct driven by four NF-kappa B elements, suggesting an action on NF-kappa B transcriptional activation. Adhesion of leukocytes to cytokine-treated endothelial cells was blocked in endothelial cells cotreated with apigenin. Finally, apigenin demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced rat paw edema and delayed type hypersensitivity in the mouse. We conclude that flavonoids offer important therapeutic potential for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases involving an increase in leukocyte adhesion and trafficking.
Apigenin induces morphological differentiation and G2-M arrest in rat neuronal cells.
Sato F; Matsukawa Y; Matsumoto K; Nishino H; Sakai T
Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun 204: 578-84 (1994)
Abstract
Flavonoids are pigments of edible plants. We have recently reported that most flavonoids induce G1 arrest in human cancer cells, and that genistein (an isoflavone) specifically inhibits their cell cycle at G2-M phase. In the present study, apigenin (a flavone) was found to inhibit the proliferation of B104 rat neuronal cells, and flow-cytometric analysis showed that apigenin arrested their cell cycle at G2-M phase. This effect was dose-dependent and reversible when apigenin was removed from the culture medium. Microscopic observation showed that apigenin did not significantly increase the mitotic index compared with the control. Further, apigenin induced morphological differentiation, that is, elongation and arborization of neurites in B104 cells. This is the first report to show that apigenin inhibited the proliferation of malignant tumor cells by G2-M arrest and induced morphological differentiation.
[Anti-inflammatory action of a group of plant extracts]
Shipochliev T; Dimitrov A; Aleksandrova E
Vet Med Nauki, 18: 6, 1981, 87-94
Use was made of Wistar albino rats in which an inflammation was
induced via the simultaneous injection of caraginan and prostaglandin
E1 in order to evaluate the antiinflammatory activity of 6 freeze
dried plant extracts. It was found that with such model of
inflammation the inflammatory effect of caraginan was strongly
enhanced, which was accompanied by the rapid and prolific white blood
cell extravasates. The freeze-dried extracts of St. John's-wort
(Hypericum perforatum L.), potmarigold calendula (Calendula
officinalis L.), camomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) and plantain
(Plantago lanceolata L. et Pl. major L.) were found to suppress both
the inflammatory effect and the leukocyte infiltration. The extracts
of symphytum (Symphytum officinale L.) and those of flax seed (Linum
usitatissimum L.) did not inhibit the inflammation, however, they
suppressed the leukocyte infiltration at the 3rd and 4th hour of the
induced inflammation.
Vargas VM., et.al., Genotoxicity of plant extracts. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 86 Suppl 2: 67-70 (1991)
(Abstract Available)
Gonzalez JG, et al. Chuchuhuasha - a drug used in folk medicine in the Amazonian and Andean areas. A chemical study of Maytenus laevis. J Ethnopharmacol, 1982 Jan
(Abstract Available)
Melo AM, et al. [First observations on the topical use of Primin, Plumbagin and Maytenin in patients with skin cancer] Rev Inst Antibiot (Recife), 1974 Dec
(Abstract Available)
Oliveira MG, et al. Pharmacologic and toxicologic effects of two Maytenus species in laboratory animals. J Ethnopharmacol, 1991 Aug
(Abstract Available)
Nozaki H., et.al, Antitumor agents, 116. Cytotoxic triterpenes from Maytenus diversifolia. J Nat Prod, 53: 4, 1990 Jul-Aug, 1039-41
(Abstract Available)
Souza-Formigoni ML, et al. Antiulcerogenic effects of two Maytenus species in laboratory animals. J Ethnopharmacol, 1991 Aug
(Abstract Available)
Vargas VM, et al. Genotoxicity of plant extracts. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 1991
(Abstract Available)
Shirota O, et al. Cytotoxic aromatic triterpenes from Maytenus ilicifolia and Maytenus chuchuhuasca. J Nat Prod, 1994 Dec
(Abstract Available)
Sekar KV, et al. Mayteine and 6-benzoyl-6-deacetylmayteine from Maytenus krukovii. Planta Med, 1995 Aug
Lima OG de, et al. [Antimicrobial substances from higher plants. XXXVI. On the presence of maytenin and pristimerine in the cortical part of the roots of Maytenus ilicifolia from the South of Brazil] Rev Inst Antibiot (Recife), 1971 Jun
Gessler MC, et al. Screening Tanzanian medicinal plants for antimalarial activity. Acta Trop, 1994 Feb
Gonzáles AG, et al. Biological study of triterpenequinones from celastraceae. Farmaco [Sci], 1988 Jun
Wagner H, et al. Spermidine alkaloids and triterpenes from Maytenus heterophylla and Pleurostylia africana. Chemical constituents of the Celastraceae--IV. Planta Med, 1977 Sep
Flemming K. [Increase of phagocytosis activity by Maytenus laevis leaves and Scholler-Tornesch lignine (Porlisan)] Naturwissenschaften, 1965 Jun
Dantanarayana, A. I., V. S. Kumar et al., Phytochemistry 22 (1983) 473.
Smith, C. R. Jr. and R. G. Powell, Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives 2 (1984) 149.
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Genotoxicity of plant extracts.
Vargas VM; Guidobono RR; Henriques JA
Departamento do Meio Ambiente, Secretaria da Saude e Meio Ambiente, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 86 Suppl 2: 67-70 (1991)
Abstract
Aqueous extracts of seven species used in Brazilian popular medicine (Achyrocline satureoides, Iodina rhombifolia, Desmodium incanum, Baccharis anomala, Tibouchina asperior, Luehea divaricata, Maytenus ilicifolia) were screened to the presence of mutagenic activity in the Ames test (Salmonella/microsome). Positive results were obtained for A. satureoides, B. anomala and L. divaricata with microsomal activation. As shown elsewhere (Vargas et al., 1990) the metabolites of A. satureoides extract also show the capacity to induce prophage and/or SOS response in microscreen phage induction assay and SOS spot chromotest.
Chuchuhuasha - a drug used in folk medicine in the Amazonian and Andean areas. Achemical study of Maytenus laevis.
Gonzalez JG; delle Monache G; delle Monache F; Marini-Bettolò GB
J Ethnopharmacol, 5: 1, 1982 Jan, 73-7
In the high Amazonian basin a plant named chuchuasha, (or chuchuaso) is used in traditional medicine for several purposes in the form of an alcoholic extract. This plant, a Maytenus species, most probably Maytenus laevis, grows in the subandean region of the Amazonian basin (Peru, Ecuador, Colombia). Antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties were recently attributed to the extracts of the root bark of the plant. The composition of the extract of M. laevis from the Putumayo area of Colombia was studied in order to establish the active principle responsible for these activities. The presence of phenoldienones (tingenone, 22-hydroxytingenone), a catechin (4'-methyl-(-)-epigallocatechin) and proanthocyanidins (Ouratea-proanthocyanidins A and B) was established. The biological activities of these compounds confirm the properties of the extracts of the plant claimed by traditional medicine.
[First observations on the topical use of Primin, Plumbagin and Maytenin in patients with skin cancer]
Melo AM; Jardim ML; De Santana CF; Lacet Y; Lobo Filho J; De Lima e Ivan Leoncio OG
Rev Inst Antibiot (Recife), 14: 1-2, 1974 Dec, 9-16
Eleven cases of patients bearing basic cellular carcinoma, and one case of patient bearing Kaposi's sarcomatosis, all treated with antibiotics isolated by Goncalves de Lima and Co-workers at the Instituto de Antibióticos, are presented by the authors. Primin, an antibiotic extracted from a vegetal named Miconia sp. (Herb. I.A.-1903) with a 2-metoxi-6-n-pentil-p benzoquinone structure, presented a strong antineoplastic action in the cases treated. Plumbagin isolated from Plumbago scandens in local use, was responsible for a complete healing of the injuries treated. Maytenin extracted from Maytenus sp. (Herb.I.A.-1750) showed less activity than the two previous mentioned, but with a low irritant action and late antineoplastic properties. The authors are going on these experiments. They believe that these antibodies, in local use, may advantageously substitute the surgery and the radiotherapy, meanly in those external ear tumidities and back of the nose, owing to a hurtful action in cartilage, provoked by radiotherapy.
Pharmacologic and toxicologic effects of two Maytenus species in laboratory animals.
Oliveira MG; Monteiro MG; Macaúbas C; Barbosa VP; Carlini EA
J Ethnopharmacol, 34: 1, 1991 Aug, 29-41
Leaves of Maytenus species are used in the popular medicine of Brazil for their reported antacid and antiulcerogenic activity. The present work examined the effects of a boiling water extract of equal parts of M. aquifolium and M. ilicifolia leaves on acute administration in rats and mice, in an attempt to detect any general depressant, hypnotic, anticonvulsant and analgesic effects. General depressant and hypnotic effects were seen only after intraperitoneal administration. After chronic administration, the overall behavior of animals did not change and they continued to gain weight at the same rate as controls. Several biochemical and hematological parameters as well as pathological examination of different organs did not show any significant alterations after 3 months of treatment. A search for the potential effects of the extract on the fertility of female and male rats and on the course of pregnancy as well as a search for potential teratogenic effects did not reveal any significant differences from controls.
Taken together, the results indicate that these Maytenus species may be safe for human use and deserve further investigation.
Antitumor agents, 116. Cytotoxic triterpenes from Maytenus diversifolia.
Nozaki H; Matsuura Y; Hirono S; Kasai R; Chang JJ; Lee KH
J Nat Prod, 53: 4, 1990 Jul-Aug, 1039-41
The known triterpenes 3-oxofriedelan-29-oic acid [1], 3-oxofriedelan-28-oic acid [2], and 28,29-dihydroxyfriedelan-3-one [3] have been isolated from Maytenus diversifolia.
Compounds 1-3 demonstrated cytotoxicity against the A-549 lung carcinoma cells with
ED50 values of 0.21, 1.18, and 0.64 micrograms/ml, respectively.
Antiulcerogenic effects of two Maytenus species in laboratory animals.
Souza-Formigoni ML; Oliveira MG; Monteiro MG; da Silveira-Filho NG; Braz S; Carlini EA
J Ethnopharmacol, 34: 1, 1991 Aug, 21-7
Leaves of Maytenus species are commonly used in Brazil for the treatment of gastric ulcers, dyspepsias and other gastric problems. The present study evaluated the antiulcerogenic potential of a boiling water extract of equal parts of M. aquifolium and M. ilicifolia leaves against ulcer lesions induced by indomethacin and cold-restraint stress in rats. Ranitidine and cimetidine were used as reference drugs. The oral and intraperitoneal administration of the extract had a potent antiulcerogenic effect against both types of ulcers. The extract was shown to cause an increase in volume and pH of gastric juice of the animals with the pH effects comparable to those of cimetidine. The results tend to confirm the popular use of the plant.
Genotoxicity of plant extracts.
Vargas VM; Guidobono RR; Henriques JA
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 86 Suppl 2:1991, 67-70
Aqueous extracts of seven species used in Brazilian popular medicine (Achyrocline
satureoides, Iodina rhombifolia, Desmodium incanum, Baccharis anomala, Tibouchina
asperior, Luehea divaricata, Maytenus ilicifolia) were screened to the presence of mutagenic activity in the Ames test (Salmonella/microsome). Positive results were obtained for A. satureoides, B. anomala and L. divaricata with microsomal activation. As shown elsewhere (Vargas et al., 1990) the metabolites of A. satureoides extract also show the capacity to induce prophage and/or SOS response in microscreen phage induction assay and SOS spot chromotest.
Cytotoxic aromatic triterpenes from Maytenus ilicifolia and Maytenus chuchuhuasca.
Shirota O; Morita H; Takeya K; Itokawa H
J Nat Prod, 57: 12, 1994 Dec, 1675-81
The isolation and structure elucidation of four cytotoxic aromatic triterpenes [1-4] along with three known quinoid triterpenes [5-7] from the South American medicinal plants Maytenus ilicifolia and M. chuchuhuasca are described. The structures of these aromatic triterpenes contained aromatized A rings and C-6 oxygenated B rings, and were elucidated by 1H- and 13C-nmr spectroscopic studies and by X-ray crystallographic analysis of 3.
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