Clinical References on Jaborandi (Pilocarpus jaborandi)
Wollensak J, et al. [One hundred years pilocarpine in ophthalmology (author's transl)] Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd, 1976 Nov
(Abstract Available)
Holmstedt B, et al. Jaborandi: an interdisciplinary appraisal. J Ethnopharmacol, 1979 Jan
(Abstract Available)
Gangarosa LP Sr, et al. Iontophoresis for enhancing penetration of dermatologic and antiviral drugs. J Dermatol, 1995 Nov
(Abstract Available)
Tanzer JM, et al. A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of intravenous pilocarpine in humans. J Dent Res, 1995 Dec
(Abstract Available)
Shellard EJ. Jaborandi: a note on the contribution of E. M. Holmes to the identification of commercially available Pilocarpus and species. J Ethnopharmacol, 1979 Dec
Shellard EJ. Jaborandi: a note on the contribution of E. M. Holmes to the identification of commercially available Pilocarpus and species. J Ethnopharmacol, 1979 Dec
Holmstedt B, et al. Jaborandi: an interdisciplinary appraisal. J Ethnopharmacol, 1979 Jan
Link H, et al. [Synthesis of the pilocarpus alkaloids isopilosin and pilocarpine as well as the absolute configuration of the (+)isopilosins] Helv Chim Acta, 1972
Vysotskaia OS, et al. [Quantitative determination of alkaloids of pilocarpus in plant raw materials and in semiproducts of pilocarpine production] Farm Zh, 1966
Croft MA, et al. Aging effects on accommodation and outflow facility responses to pilocarpine in humans. Arch Ophthalmol, 1996 May
Salah RS, et al. Pilocarpine for anticholinergic adverse effects associated with desipramine treatment [letter] Am J Psychiatry, 1996 Apr
Levin ED. Pergolide interactions with nicotine and pilocarpine in rats on the radial-arm maze. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 1995 Dec
Hung L, et al. Effect of pilocarpine on anterior chamber angles. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther, 1995 Fall
Kong L, et al. Clinical analysis of steroid glaucoma. Yen Ko Hsueh Pao, 1995 Mar
Sirbat D, et al. [Efficacy and tolerability of 2 presentations of eyedrops combining carteolol 2% and pilocarpine 2% in primary open-angle glaucoma and simple ocular hypertension] J Fr Ophtalmol, 1995
Lal A, et al. Pharmacodynamic effects of pilocarpine eye drop enhanced by decreasing its volume of instillation. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 1995 Jul
Cunlife IA, et al. The effect of topical cholinergic medications on human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts in tissue culture. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol
Johns H, et al. Radiation response of murine eccrine sweat glands. Radiother Oncol, 1995 Jul
Tabandeh H, et al. Phenylephrine and pilocarpine in the treatment of post-operative irido-corneal adhesion. Eye, 1995
Bergeå B, et al. Primary argon laser trabeculoplasty vs pilocarpine. IV. Long-term effects on optic nerve head. Acta Ophthalmol Scand, 1995 Jun
Hegde MJ, et al. In-vivo genotoxicity of the alkaloid drug pilocarpine nitrate in bone marrow cells and male germ cells of mice. Mutat Res, 1995 Oct
Yosipovitch G, et al. Sweat secretion, stratum corneum hydration, small nerve function and pruritus in patients with advanced chronic renal failure. Br J Dermatol, 1995 Oct,
[One hundred years pilocarpine in ophthalmology (author's transl)]
Wollensak J; Kewitz H
Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd, 169: 5, 1976 Nov, 660-3
Abstract
In 1876 A. Weber introduced chemically from P. jaborandi isolated Pilocarpium muriaticum into the ophthalmological therapy. One year later it was used as a local drug to lower the intraocular pressure in glaucoma and replaced in the following years the extract of Calabar bean (Eserine). Clinical and pharmacological data are discussed.
Jaborandi: an interdisciplinary appraisal.
Holmstedt B; Wassén SH; Schultes RE
J Ethnopharmacol, 1: 1, 1979 Jan, 3-21
Abstract
In spite of many references to Pilocarpus Jaborandi Holmes in ethnological and botanical sources and suggestions of its employment for a variety of diseases, it has not been possible to pin down the use of its leaves to any particular purpose amongst South American Indians. While the medically important jaborandis are species of Pilocarpus, it is true that this vernacular name is commonly applied to other rutaceous and numerous piperaceous plants as well. The introduction of jaborandi leaves to western medicine goes back to 1873, when Symphronio Coutinho went to Europe, taking with him samples of the leaves. The copious sweating and salivation brought about by the leaves attracted the attention of French physicians. Soon jaborandi leaves were being employed in the treatment of many diseases. In 1875, Hardy and Gerrard independently discovered the alkaloid pilocarpine. Most therapeutic applications of jaborandi leaves and pilocarpine fell into disuse and were
discontinued. What remained was the use of the latter in ophthalmology, where it had been introduced as a miotic by Weber in 1876. The mixture of pilocarpine and another natural product, physostigmine, remains to this day one of the mainstays in ophthalmology.
Iontophoresis for enhancing penetration of dermatologic and antiviral drugs.
Gangarosa LP Sr; Ozawa A; Ohkido M; Shimomura Y; Hill JM
Department of Oral Biology-Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta
J Dermatol, 22: 11, 1995 Nov, 865-75
Abstract
Iontophoresis is the process of introducing ionic drugs into the body for therapeutic purposes. Although iontophoresis has the potential for systemic therapy, it has mainly been used for local therapy at body surfaces. Many ionic drugs are available including lidocaine, epinephrine, methylprednisolone succinate, dexamethasone phosphate, several antivirals, various antibiotics, and other specific drugs. The use of an indicated ionic drug by iontophoresis offers a broad potential for promoting the development of more effective therapies in dermatology. Iontophoresis of ionized drugs provided a 20-60 fold increase in penetration over topical application. Iontophoresis for dermatological use requires that: a) a charged drug be placed at an electrode having a polarity the same charge as the drug, b) the condition or disease under treatment be at or near the body surface, and c) a modern, sophisticated source of direct current, with appropriate accessories, be used. The current source must have features that make it not only effective, but also safe for application to the patient. Modern systems for application of drugs by iontophoresis have features that make the process simple and efficient for use in practice. Iontophoresis has a long history of use, having been suggested for various therapies for many years in medicine, physical therapy and dentistry. Pilocarpine iontophoresis is a preferred method for cystic fibrosis detection. Also, lidocaine iontophoresis has been advocated to anesthetize the tympanic membrane before myringotomy. Anesthesia of the skin to a depth of 1.0 cm or more has been reported in double-blind studies of human volunteers. Local anesthesia by iontophoresis was reported to be effective for: 1) cutaneous cutdowns in patients requiring kidney dialysis, 2) delicate eyelid surgery, as the sole anesthetic, 3) preinjection topical anesthesia, and 4) shave biopsies of skin lesions. The use of iontophoresis for treating difficult cases of hyperhydrosis is quite popular among dermatologists. The present report emphasizes uses of iontophoresis in dermatology and is divided into discussion of studies using iontophoresis for postherpetic neuralgia, local anesthesia, antiviral therapy, and for corticosteroid therapy of nonspecific inflammatory lesions. Over 1250 patients have been treated for postherpetic neuralgia by corticosteroid iontophoresis at 6 medical centers with 60-80% of patients showing a major therapeutic response with return to a tolerable pain level. Double-blind studies of varicella zoster (active and postherpetic) and herpes simplex have proven that iontophoresis is a valuable modality for treating viral diseases of the skin. Many other uses for iontophoresis have been proposed in the literature that involve several hundred research papers, several textbooks and many book chapters. Review of the literature supports the concept that iontophoresis provides an optimal method for drug application in therapy of surface tissues.
A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of intravenous pilocarpine in humans.
Tanzer JM; Kramer PA; Schulman P; Willard AK
Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington
J Dent Res, 74: 12, 1995 Dec, 1845-9
Abstract
Pilocarpine (P) is of potential utility in the treatment of xerostomia. Because optimal development of P dosage forms for humans requires that its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics be defined, this intravenous study of its disposition and associated salivary responses was performed. In a hospital setting, two healthy female subjects were given a series of graded doses of intravenous P or placebo to stimulate salivary secretion. Plasma levels of P, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate were simultaneously monitored. Other objective and subjective physiological parameters were assessed. Plasma concentrations of P declined either mono- or bi-exponentially with time, and brisk initial salivation was followed by prolonged salivation at doses > or = 1 mg. At doses between 0.5 and 3.5 mg, dose-independent pharmacokinetic parameters included a small steady-state volume of distribution (2.4 to 3.0 L/kg), a high plasma clearance (0.026 to 0.03 L/kg/min), and a mean residence time of approximately 100 min. The cumulative volume of whole saliva secreted during the first 3 h post-dose was linearly related to the area under the plasma concentration-time curve. Plasma concentrations from 1 to 42 ng/mL were associated with significant levels of salivation. The pharmacokinetic linearity of the system and proportionality between the area under plasma concentration-time curves and overall salivary response have important implications for the design and utilization of pilocarpine dosage forms.
Clinical References on Juazeiro (Zizyphus joazeiro)
Antipyretic activity of an aqueous extract of Zizyphus joazeiro Mart. (Rhamnaceae).
Nunes PH; Marinho LC; Nunes ML; Soares EO
Departamento Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brasil.
Braz J Med Biol Res, 20: 5, 1987, 599-601
Abstract
Bark infusions of Zizyphus joazeiro Mart. (Rhamnaceae) have been employed in Northeastern Brazil as a remedy for fever. This study investigated the antipyretic activity of an aqueous extract of the plant in rabbits rendered febrile by intravenous injection of E. coli endotoxin. Fever responses were significantly decreased (P less than 0.05) by the oral administration of a bark infusion of Z. joazeiro Mart. These results lend support to the popular use of infusions of this plant in folk medicine as a remedy for fever and suggest that the characterization of the principle(s) responsible for such activity deserves further investigation.
Clinical References on Jurubeba (Solanum paniculatum)
Ripperger H, et al. [Jurubin, a nitrogen containing steroidsaponin of a new structural type from Solanum paniculatum L; concerning the structure of paniculidin] Chem Ber, 1967
Ripperger H, et al. [Structure of paniculonin A and B, two new spirostane glycosides from Solanum paniculatum L] Chem Ber, 1968
Ripperger H, et al. [Isolation of neochlorogenin and painculogenin from Solanum paniculatum L.] Chem Ber, 1967
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