Dr. Duke's
Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) -- Indian Saffron, Turmeric

Chemicals

1,8-CINEOLE Rhizome 30 - 720 ppm DUKE1992A

(-)-Chronotropic 87 nl/ml HH2 ; (-)-Inotropic HH2 ; Allelopathic 450 ; Allergenic M&R486 ; Anesthetic DUKE1992B ; Anthelminthic JBH ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC50=41 ug/ml JAF46:3434 ; Antiallergic JFH33(6):569 ; Antibacterial 50 ppm; Antibronchitic DUKE1992B ; Anticatarrh M29 ; Anticholinesterase LGR ; Antifatigue JAR8:2 ; Antihalitosic AH12(4):17 ; Antilaryngitic DUKE1992B ; Antipharyngitic DUKE1992B ; Antirhinitic DUKE1992B ; Antiseptic JBH ; Antispasmodic SHT158 ; Antistaphylococcic JAR8:2 ; Antitussive MED'94 ; Candidicide LAF337 ; Carcinogenic ZEB ; Choleretic DUKE1992B ; CNS-Stimulant DUKE1992B ; Convulsant JAR8:2 ; Counterirritant M29 ; Cytochrome-P450-Inducer MED'95 ; Degranulant 0.3 ul/ml EJP331:253 ; Dentifrice M29 ; Edemagenic inj EJP331:253 ; Expectorant JBH ; FLavor FEMA 1-200 ARC ; Fungicide SHT158 ; Gram(+)icide JAR8:2 ; Gram(-)icide JAR8:2 ; Hepatotonic DUKE1992B ; Herbicide IC50=78 uM TOX ; Hypotensive DUKE1992B ; Inflammatory inj EJP331:253 ; Insectifuge; Irritant RIN ; Myorelaxant CAN ; Nematicide NIG ; Neurotoxic JAR8:2 ; P450-Inducer MED'95 ; Perfume ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Rubefacient M29 ; Secretogogue SHT158 ; Sedative; Spasmogenic JAR8:2 ; Surfactant SHT158 ; Testosterone-Hydroxylase-Inducer MED'95 ; Trichomonicide LD100=1,000 ug/ml FT67:279

2-BORNANOL Plant: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

2-HYDROXY-METHYL-ANTHRAQUINONE Rhizome: DUKE1992A

Antileukemic ED50=2.6 ug/ml ACM:361 ; Cytotoxic JBH

4-HYDROXY-CINNAMOYL-(FERULOYL)-METHANE Rhizome 180 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALPHA-ATLANTONE Rhizome: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ALPHA-PINENE Essential Oil 5,300 ppm; DUKE1992A

Allelochemic DUKE1992B ; Allergenic M&R523 ; Antibacterial RIE12:5 ; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antiflu EMP5:195 ; Antiinflammatory IJO15(4):194 ; Antiviral EMP5:195 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Coleoptophile DUKE1992B ; Expectorant MIK ; FLavor FEMA 15-150 ARC ; Herbicide IC50=30 uM TOX ; Insectifuge 50 ppm; Insectiphile JSPR22:141 ; Irritant JBH ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative LRN-JUN90 ; Spasmogenic CAN ; Tranquilizer LRN-JUN90

ALPHA-TERPINEOL Rhizome: DUKE1992A

ACE-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml (weak activity) K26575 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 ug/ml TYK1992:95 ; Antibacterial MIC=800-1,600 ug/ml JAF41:1103 ; Anticancer JNU ; Anticariogenic JAF41:1103 ; Antiseptic JBH ; FLavor FEMA 5-40 ARC ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative BVC:162 ; Termiticide MUO24:1

AR-TURMERONE Rhizome 5,800 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antihemorrhagic WIC ; Antiinflammatory WIC ; Antilymphocytic BIS ; Antiophidic WIC ; Antitumor DUKE1992B ; Insectifuge 382 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

ARABINOSE Rhizome 10,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ASCORBIC-ACID Rhizome 293 ppm; DUKE1992A

Acidulant FEMA 6,000 ARC ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor SYN-X ; Analgesic 5-10 g day; Antiaggregant SYN-X ; Antiaging 2,000 mg/day SYN-X 400 mg/day; Antiarthritic 1 g day WER ; Antiasthmatic 1,000 mg/day WER ; Antiatherosclerotic PAM ; Antibacterial DAS ; Anticataract 350 mg/day WER 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Anticold 1-2 g/man/day MAR ; AntiCrohn's 50-100 mg/day/orl/man M29 ; Antidecubitic 500 mg/man/2x/day MAR ; Antidepressant 2,000 mg/day WER ; Antidiabetic SYN-X ; Antidote (Aluminum) EMP6:189 ; Antidote (Cadmium) DAS ; Antidote (Lead) DAS ; Antidote (Paraquat) MAR ; Antieczemic 3.5-5 g/day WER ; Antiedemic 1 g/man/day DAS ; Antiencephalitic DAS ; Antigingivitic PAM ; Antiglaucomic 2 g/day WER ; Antihemorrhagic 1 g/man/day DAS ; Antihepatitic 2-6 g/man/day DAS ; Antihepatotoxic EMP6:189 ; Antiherpetic 1-5 g/day WER ; Antihistaminic 2 g/day orl man; Antiinfertility 1 g/day WER ; Antiinflammatory PAM ; Antilepric 1.5 g/man/day MAR ; Antimeasles DAS ; Antimigraine M29 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antinitrosic 1 g/man/day MAR ; Antiobesity 1 g 3 x day WER ; Antiorchitic DAS ; Antiosteoarthritic 1 g 2 x day WER ; Antiosteoporotic 500 mg day; Antioxidant 100 ppm DUKE1992B ; Antiparkinsonian 1 g 2 x day WER ; Antiparotitic DAS ; Antiperiodontitic WER ; Antipneumonic PAM ; Antipodriac DAS ; Antipoliomyelitic DAS ; Antipyretic EMP6:189 ; Antiradicular SYN-X ; Antiscorbutic 10 mg/man/day MAR ; Antiseptic 4-8 g/day SYN-X MIC=3.3-217 mg/ml MAR ; Antishingles DAS ; Antisyndrome-X 1-4 g/day SYN-X ; Antitumor (Lung) NR54:S71 ; Antiulcer WER ; Antiviral 1-5 g/day; Apoptotic 1-10 mM BO2 ; Asthma-preventive 1,000 mg/day/orl PAM ; Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor 1.5 g/day/man BO2 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cold-preventive 1-2 g/day DAS ; Collagenic BO2 ; Detoxicant DUKE1992B ; Diuretic 700 mg/man/orl DUKE1992B ; Fistula-Preventive PAM ; Hypocholesterolemic 300-1,000 mg/day DAS ; Hypoglycemic SYN-X ; Hypotensive 1,000 mg/man/day SNE137:292 ; Immunostimulant SYN-X ; Interferonogenic PAM ; Lithogenic DAS ; Mucolytic 1 g/woman/day MAR ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Uricosuric 4 g/man/day DAS ; Urinary-Acidulant M29 ; Vulnerary PAM

ASH Rhizome 9,000 - 148,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

AZULENE Rhizome: DUKE1992A

Antiallergic IWU ; Antibacterial 500 ppm VAL ; Antihistaminic CAN ; Antiinflammatory PEP ; Antipyretic HG20:40 ; Antiseptic 6-500 VAL ; Antispasmodic CAN ; Antiulcer ED50=150 (orl) DUKE1992B ; Hepatoregenerative CAN ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

BETA-CAROTENE Rhizome: DUKE1992A

Allergenic M&R610 ; Androgenic? PAM ; Antiacne PAM ; Antiaging DUKE1992B ; Antiasthmatic PAM ; Anticancer JNU ; Anticarcinomic PAM ; Anticoronary 50 mg/man/2 days CMR3/4/91:16 ; Antihyperkeratotic; Antiichythyotic PAM ; Antileukoplakic PAM ; Antilupus 150 mg/man/day/2 mos MAR ; Antimastitic PAM ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antioxidant PAM ; Antiozenic DUKE1992B ; Antiphotophobic 30-300 mg man/day M29 ; Antipityriasic PAM ; AntiPMS JAFC34:409 ; Antiporphyric 30-300 mg/man/day MAR ; Antiproliferant JNU ; Antipsoriac PAM ; Antiradicular PAM ; Antistress DAS ; Antitumor HSC25:1495 ; Antiulcer 12 mg/3x/day/man/orl PAM ; Antixerophthalmic DAS ; Cancer-Preventive 22 ppm 505 ; Colorant JBH ; Immunostimulant 180 mg/man/day/orl PAM ; Interferon-Synergist PJB1(2):264 ; Mucogenic PAM ; Phagocytotic PAM ; Prooxidant 20 ug/g JAF44:2096 ; Thymoprotective PAM ; Ubiquiot JBH

BETA-PINENE Essential Oil 2,700 ppm; DUKE1992A

Allergenic M&R618 ; Antiinflammatory FT63(1):3 ; Antiseptic LAF ; Candidicide LAF337 ; FLavor FEMA 15-600 ARC ; Herbicide TOX ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant ZEB ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spasmogenic CAN

BETA-SESQUIPHELLANDRENE Rhizome: DUKE1992A

Antirhinoviral IC50=0.44 uM JNP57:658 ; Antiulcer IC40=50 mg/kg YAK112:645 ; Expectorant PJB1(3):248 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

BIS-(PARA-HYDROXY-CINNAMOYL)-METHANE Rhizome 1,360 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

BIS-DESMETHOXYCURCUMIN Rhizome 67 - 27,000 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiangiogenic DUKE1992B ; Anticholeretic HG17 ; Antiinflammatory PCF

BISABOLENE Root: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

BORNEOL Rhizome: DUKE1992A

(-)-Chronotropic 29 ug/ml HH2 ; (-)-Inotropic HH2 ; Allelochemic JAF45:3276 ; Analgesic DUKE1992B ; Antiacetylcholine CAN ; Antibronchitic JBH ; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antiinflammatory DUKE1992B ; Antipyretic DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.008 mg/ml FT59:465 ; CNS-Stimulant HHB ; CNS-Toxic JBH ; FLavor FEMA<1 ARC ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Herbicide IC50=470 mM 438 IC50=470 uM TOX ; Inhalant JBH ; Insect-Repellent DUKE1992B ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant RIN ; Myorelaxant CAN ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative MED

BORON Root 1 - 6 ppm DUKE1992A

Androgenic 3 mg/man/day DUKE1992B ; Antiosteoarthritic WER ; Antiosteoporotic DUKE1992B ; Estrogenic DUKE1992B

CAFFEIC-ACID Rhizome 5 ppm; DUKE1992A

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4 ug/ml (weak activity) SKN43:99 ; Allergenic M&R317 ; Analgesic PMP23:51 ; Antiadenoviral EMP5:207 ; Antiaggregant JBH ; Antibacterial PAM ; Anticancer JAF47:397 ; Anticarcinogenic EMP6:189 ; Antiedemic EMP6:189 ; Antielastase IC50=93 um/l PMID11199135 ; Antiflu EMP5:207 ; Antigonadotropic JNM1:10 ; Antihemolytic 25 uM PC36:579 ; Antihepatoadenomic 200 ppm diet orl mus ACS661:230 ; Antihepatotoxic PM56:173 ; Antiherpetic 50 ug/ml EC50=>50 ug/ml POP:270 ; Antihistaminic DUKE1992B ; AntiHIV EC50=200 ug/ml; Antihypercholesterolemic EMP6:189 ; Antiinflammatory JBH ; Antileukotriene DUKE1992B ; Antimutagenic PCF:18 ; Antinitrosaminic PCF:18 ; Antiophidic FT65(2):101 ; Antioxidant 1.3 x Vit. E BO2 1/3 quercetin JAF47:397 30 mM JAF48:235 50 um PC27:973 IC57=30 ppm PCF:221 ; Antiperoxidant IC50=44 uM PM57:A54 ; Antiprostaglandin PJB1(1):169 ; Antiradicular 1/3 quercetin JAF47:397 10 uM PC36:579 30 mM JAF48:235 ; Antiseptic JE26:76 ; Antispasmodic EC50=3.4-15 uM PR4:73 ; Antistomatitic EMP5:207 ; Antisunburn PM61:510 ; Antithiamin PCF:69 ; Antithyroid JNM1:10 ; Antitumor 200 ppm diet orl mus; Antitumor-Promoter IC42=10 uM CR48:5941 ; Antiulcerogenic; Antivaccinia EMP5:207 ; Antiviral IC50=62.5 ug/ml; Calcium-Antagonist IC50=1.2 uM rbt K16299 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Carcinogenic 2% (diet) PCF:39,277 ; Cholagogue WIC ; Choleretic 411 ; Clastogenic JBH ; CNS-Active WIC ; Co-carcinogenic PCF:44 ; Collagen-Sparing PM61:510 ; Cytoprotective CAN ; Cytotoxic TC50=200 ug/ml POP:270 ; Diuretic WIC ; DNA-Active JBH ; Fungicide MIC=0.4 mg/ml; Hepatocarcinogenic 400 ppm diet orl mus (in the absence of alcohol) ACS661:230 ; Hepatoprotective ACM:210 ; Hepatotropic DUKE1992B ; Immunostimulant PPL7:187 ; Insectifuge EB48:111 ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC27=5 mM JAF38:688 IC50=62-148 uM JAF44:2057 ; Lyase-Inhibitor IC50=94-164 uM JAF44:2057 ; Metal-Chelator PCF:25 ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor PCF:19 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Prooxidant JAFC45:632 ; Prostaglandigenic RWG27 ; Sedative 500 mg RWG17 ; Sunscreen IC50=2.5 mg/l FT64:134 IC91=5 mg/l FT64:134 IC98=25 mg/l FT64:134 ; Tumorigenic 505 ; Vulnerary JE26:76 ; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC50=39.21 um MAB

CALCIUM Rhizome 270 - 2,898 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiallergic 500 mg/day; Antianxiety DAS ; Antiatherosclerotic WER ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antidote (Aluminum) DAS ; Antidote (Lead) DAS ; Antihyperkinetic DAS ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antiosteoporotic 500 mg day WER ; Antiperiodontitic 750 mg day WER ; AntiPMS 1 g day WER ; Antitic DAS ; Hypocholesterolemic 500 mg day WER ; Hypotensive 1 g/day WER

CAPRYLIC-ACID Rhizome: DUKE1992A

Candidicide 300 mg/man/12 x/day CPA ; Fungicide M11 ; Irritant M&R503 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

CARBOHYDRATES Rhizome 79,000 - 829,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CARYOPHYLLENE Essential Oil: DUKE1992A

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor PJB1(3):238 ; Antiacne PJB1(3):238 ; Antiasthmatic LAF ; Antibacterial JAF40:2329 ; Anticariogenic MIC=>1,600 ug/ml JAF41:1103 ; Antiedemic CPB38:2283 ; Antifeedant 500 ppm TOX ; Antiinflammatory IC50=100 uM CPB38:2283 ; Antispasmodic DUKE1992B ; Antistaphylococcic JAR10:7 ; Antistreptococcic PJB1(3):238 ; Antitumor JNP55:999 ; Candidicide JAR10:7 ; FLavor FEMA 20-200 ARC ; Fungicide JAR10:7 ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant ZEB ; Perfumery M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative JAR10:7 ; Termitifuge 382

CHROMIUM Rhizome 6 ppm; DUKE1992A

Amphiglycemic? DAS ; AntiAGE 200-1,000 ug SYN-X ; Antiaging SYN-X ; Antiatherosclerotic 20 ug/day; Anticorneotic DAS ; Antidiabetic 200-1,000 ug; Antidote (Lead) DAS ; Antiglycosuric; Antiobesity SYN-X ; Antisyndrome-X 200-800 ug SYN-X ; Antitriglyceride 20 ug/day WER 200-1,000 ug SYN-X ; Hypocholesterolemic 20 ug/day WER 200-1,000 ug SYN-X ; Hypoglycemic SYN-X ; Hypotensive SYN-X ; Insulinogenic DUKE1992B

CINEOLE Essential Oil 29,200 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CINNAMIC-ACID Rhizome: DUKE1992A

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4 ug/ml (weak activity) SKN43:99 ; Allergenic M&R317 ; Anesthetic DUKE1992B ; Antibacterial MAR ; Antiinflammatory PMP25:55 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antispasmodic JBH ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Choleretic DUKE1992B ; Dermatitigenic JBH ; FLavor FEMA 4-40 ARC ; Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Herbicide DUKE1992B ; Laxative DUKE1992B ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor RWG141 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Vermifuge JE26:81

COBALT Rhizome 1 ppm; DUKE1992A

Cardiomyopathogenic DAS ; Erythrocytogenic DAS

COPPER Rhizome 6 - 17 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiarthritic DAS ; Antidiabetic 2-4 mg/day WER ; Antiinflammatory WER ; Antinociceptive WER ; Contraceptive MAR ; Hypocholesterolemic DAS ; Schizophrenigenic DAS

CUMINYL-ALCOHOL Rhizome: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CURCUMENE Essential Oil 121,700 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CURCUMENOL Essential Oil 21,300 ppm; DUKE1992A

Anticancer KCH ; Emetic KCH

CURCUMIN Rhizome 9 - 38,888 ppm DUKE1992A

12-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor HG37:18 ; 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor AAA31:329 ; Antiadenomacarcinogenic 50-200 mg/kg ipr rat FT68:483 ; Antiaflatoxin PAL:326 ; Antiaggregant PJB1(1):172 ; Antiangiogenic MAB ; Antiarachidonate PAL:326 ; Antiarthritic PAM ; Antiasthmatic HG37:18 ; Antiatherosclerotic 0.4-20 mg/kg/day FT68:483 ; Antibacterial NIG ; Antibronchitic HG37:18 ; Anticancer (Breast) PAL:326 ; Anticancer (Colon) PAL:326 ; Anticancer (Duodenum) PAL:326 ; Anticancer (Mammary) 50-200 mg/kg ipr rat; Anticancer (Skin) PAL:326 ; Anticataract 75 mg/kg orl rat FT68:483 ; Anticholecystosic PAM ; Anticolitic HG37:18 ; AntiCrohn's HG37:18 ; AntiEBV IC50=5.4 uM NR54:S24 ; Antieczemic IWU ; Antiedemic ED50=100.2 mg/kg orl mus (cf 78 for cortisone) ED50=48 mg/kg orl rat (cf 45 for cortisone) ED50=48 mg/kg orl rat (cf 48 for phenylbutazone); Antihepatotic PFH44:87 ; AntiHIV IC50=40 uM BP49:1165 ; Antiinflammatory 1 uM HG37:18 1,200 mg/man/day; Antiintegrase 40-150 uM; Antiischemic PFH44:87 ; Antileukemic FT68:483 ; Antileukotriene HG37:18 ; Antilithic 0.5% diet FT68:483 ; Antilymphomic 0.4 mg/ml IWU 4 ug/ml MAB ; Antimelanomic 200 nM/kg orl mus FT68:483 ; Antimetastatic FT68:483 ; Antimutagenic; Antinitrosaminic PAL:326 ; Antioxidant 1/3 BHA PCF:125 IC50=500 uM PC27:974 ; Antiperoxidant PCF:347 ; Antiprostaglandin 8.8 uM PM184.1986 ; Antipsoriatic HG37:18 ; Antispasmodic MPI ; Antithrombotic FT68:483 ; Antithromboxane FT68:483 ; Antitumor (Colon) CLE64:117 ; Antitumor-Promoter IC91=10 uM CR48:5941 ; Antiulcer orl rat FT68:483 ; Antiviral IC50=5.4 uM NR54:S24 ; Apoptotic 2,000 ppm (diet) orl rat FT68:483 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cardiodepressant MPI ; Chelator IC50=500 uM PC27:974 Iron PAL:326 ; Cholagogue DUKE1992B ; Choleretic HG24:37 ; COX-2-Inhibitor 10 uM/; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor PCF:338 ; Cytochrome-P450-Inhibitor PIZ ; Cytotoxic 0.4-4 mg/ml IWU IC50=1 ug/ml FT68:483 ; Deodorant IWU ; Detoxicant PAL:326 ; Dye M11 ; Fibrinolytic FT68:483 ; Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Hepatoprotective 30 mg/kg/day FT68:483 30 ppm TOX107:39 ; Hypocholesterolemic 0.15% diet 7 wks FT68:483 ; Hypolipidemic FT68:483 ; Hypotensive DUKE1992B ; Immunostimulant 40 mg/kg/5 wk orl rat FT68:483 ; Litholytic 0.5% diet FT68:483 ; Metal-Chelator PCF:25 ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor PAL:327 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Phototoxic IWU ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 0.2% diet rat CR55:259 ; Protease-Inhibitor IC50=11-250 uM DUKE1992B ; Protein-Kinase-Inhibitor FT68:483 ; Pulmonoprotective 200 mg/kg/7 d FT68:483 ; Quinone-Reductase-Inducer 3.4 uM CAR19:1039 ; Ulcerogenic orl rat FT68:483

CURDIONE Essential Oil 11,900 ppm; DUKE1992A

Anticancer (Cervix) MPT ; Antileukopenic KCH ; Antisarcomic ACM:435 ; Antitumor DUKE1992B ; AntiX-Radiation KCH

CURLONE Rhizome 120 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CURZERENONE Rhizome: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CURZERENONE-C Essential Oil 20,400 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

CYCLO-ISOPRENEMYRCENE Rhizome 8,500 - 29,750 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

D-ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE Rhizome 30 - 720 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

D-CAMPHENE Rhizome 480 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

D-CAMPHOR Rhizome 30 - 1,500 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

D-SABINENE Rhizome 20 - 432 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

DEHYDROTURMERONE Rhizome: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

DESMETHOXYCURCUMIN Rhizome 500 - 11,100 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

DI-P-COUMAROYL-METHANE Rhizome: DUKE1992A

Cytotoxic CCO ; Hepatoprotective LAF

DICINNAMOYLMETHANE Rhizome: DUKE1992A

Choleretic FT5:1986

DIDESMETHOXYCURCUMIN Rhizome: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

DIFERULOYL-METHANE Rhizome: DUKE1992A

Cytotoxic CCO

DIHYDROCURCUMIN Rhizome 57 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

EO Rhizome 3,000 - 72,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

EUGENOL Essential Oil 2,100 ppm; DUKE1992A

Allergenic M&R488 ; Analgesic M11 ; Anesthetic 200-400 PR4:93 ; Antiaggregant IC50=0.3 uM PR4:93 ; Antiarachidonate PJB1(2):269 ; Antibacterial 500 ppm VAL ; Anticonvulsant JBH ; Antiedemic 100 PR4:95 ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antiinflammatory (11 uM) IC~97=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; Antimitotic JBH ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antinitrosating PCF-I:200 ; Antioxidant 10 uM HHM7:7 IC65=30 ppm PCF:219 ; Antiprostaglandin 11 uM PM186:1986 IC50=9.2 mM POP:150 ; Antipyretic 3 ml/man/day DUKE1992B ; Antiradicular EC50=2 ul/l PMP22:233 ; Antiseptic 3 ml/man/day DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic LAF ; Antithromboxane LRN-JUL87 ; Antitumor JNP55:999 ; Antiulcer DUKE1992B ; Apifuge 382 ; Calcium-Antagonist IC50=200 uM gpg J14432 IC50=224 uM LAB58 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide PR4:93 ; Carcinogenic? NIG ; Carminative JPP46:16 ; Choleretic DUKE1992B ; CNS-Depressant JBH ; COX-1-Inhibitor IC97=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; COX-2-Inhibitor IC>97=1,000 uM HHM7:7 ; Cytochrome-P450-Inhibitor PIZ ; Cytotoxic 25 ug/mL PR4:93 ; Dermatitigenic M&R489 ; Enterorelaxant JAR4:22 ; FLavor FEMA 10-500 ARC ; Fungicide PMP23:60 ; Hepatoprotective 100 ppm TOXICOLOGY107:39 ; Herbicide PMP23:60 ; Insecticide LAF ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant; Juvabional 382 ; Larvicide JE26:72 ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Nematicide MLC=2,000 ug/ml SZ44:183 ; Neurotoxic RJH ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 1 mM rbt GPH27:629 IC50=9.2 uM; Sedative; Trichomonicide LD100=300 ug/ml FT67:279 ; Trichomonistat IC50=10 ug/ml NIG ; Trypsin-Enhancer LRN-DEC93 ; Ulcerogenic PR4:93 ; Vermifuge DUKE1992B

FAT Rhizome 18,000 - 153,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

FERULOYL-P-COUMAROYL-METHANE Rhizome: DUKE1992A

Cytotoxic CCO

FIBER Rhizome 9,000 - 84,000 ppm DUKE1992A

Antidiabetic DUKE1992B ; Antiobesity DUKE1992B ; Antitumor PAM ; Antiulcer PAM ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cardioprotective DUKE1992B ; Hypocholesterolemic DUKE1992B ; Hypotensive 10 g/man/day/orl PAM ; Laxative DUKE1992B

FRUCTOSE Rhizome 120,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antialcoholic JBH ; Antidiabetic JBH ; Antihangover DUKE1992B ; Antiketotic M11 ; Antinauseant JBH ; Laxative AJC62:1212 ; Neoplastic CRC ; Sweetener 2 x glucose JBH

GAMMA-ATLANTONE Rhizome: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

GLUCOSE Rhizome 280,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

Acetylcholinergic DUKE1992B ; Antiedemic JBH ; Antihepatotoxic M11 ; Antiketotic M11 ; Antivaricose JBH ; Hyperglycemic M11 ; Memory-Enhancer SN138:189.1990

GUAIACOL Rhizome: DUKE1992A

Anesthetic DUKE1992B ; Antibacterial 8,000 ppm VAL ; Antidermatitic JBH ; Antieczemic JBH ; Antiesophagitic M29 ; Antiseptic M29 ; Antituberculic DUKE1992B ; Cardiodepressant ZEB ; Cardiotonic LRNP:JUL'96 ; Emetic ZEB ; Expectorant 0.3-0.6 ml/man MAR ; FLavor FEMA <1-1 ARC ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor IC50=57 uM FRBM26:193 ; Transdermal ZEB

IRON Rhizome 121 - 467 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiakathisic M29 ; Antianemic M29 ; Anticheilitic DAS ; Antimenorrhagic 100 mg/day/wmn/orl PAM

ISOBORNEOL Rhizome Essent. Oil 200 ppm; DUKE1992A

Insectifuge DUKE1992B ; Motor-Stimulant BVC:162 ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative MED

L-ALPHA-CURCUMENE Rhizome 18,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

L-BETA-CURCUMENE Rhizome 18,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

LIMONENE Essential Oil 2,300 ppm; DUKE1992A

AChE-Inhibitor 453 ; Allelochemic JAF45:3276 ; Allergenic (1/20th carene) M&R521 ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC22-26=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antialzheimeran? 453 ; Antibacterial RIE12:5 ; Anticancer AEM401:131 ; Antifeedant JAF45:3276 ; Antiflu EMP5:195 ; Antilithic M29:1064 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antiseptic JAF44:2802 ; Antispasmodic ED50=0.197 mg/ml FT59:465 ; Antitumor; Antitumor (Breast) AEM401:131 ; Antitumor (Pancreas) AEM401:131 ; Antitumor (Prostate) AEM401:131 ; Antiviral; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidistat JAF40:2330 ; Chemopreventive AEM401:131 ; Enterocontractant JAR4:22 ; Expectorant; FLavor PJB1(3):242 ; Fungiphilic JAF43:2283 ; Fungistat JAF40:2330 ; Herbicide IC50=45 uM TOX ; Insecticide 453 ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant; Nematicide IC=100 ug/ml NIG ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor 750 mg/kg (diet) BO2 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Photosensitizer RIN ; Sedative ED=1-32 mg/kg W&W

LINALOL Essential Oil 1,600 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

MANGANESE Rhizome 33 - 78 ppm DUKE1992A

Antialcoholic FHN ; Antianemic MAR ; Antidiabetic 10-30 mg/man/day 3-5 mg/day WER ; Antidiscotic DAS ; Antidyskinetic MAR ; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day WER ; Antiototic DAS ; Antisyndrome-X 10-30 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Hypoglycemic

MONODESMETHOXYCURCUMIN Rhizome: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

NIACIN Rhizome 5 - 62 ppm DUKE1992A

Allergenic WER ; Antiacrodynic DUKE1992B ; Antiallergic 50 mg/2x/day WER ; Antiamblyopic DUKE1992B ; Antianginal DUKE1992B ; Antichilblain JBH ; Anticonvulsant 3 g/day WER ; Antidermatitic DAS ; Antidysphagic DUKE1992B ; Antiepileptic WER ; Antihistaminic 50 mg/2x/day WER ; Antihyperactivity 1.5-6 g/day WER ; Antiinsomnic 1 g/day WER ; AntiMeniere's JAD ; Antineuralgic DUKE1992B ; Antiparkinsonian 100 mg/day WER ; Antipellagric DAS ; Antiscotomic DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic 100 mg/2x/day WER ; Antivertigo DUKE1992B ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Hypoglycemic DUKE1992B ; Hypolipidemic RWG17 ; Sedative PAM ; Serotoninergic PAM ; Vasodilator M29

NICKEL Rhizome 3.8 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antiadrenalinic DAS ; Anticirrhotic? DAS ; Insulin-Sparing DAS

O-COUMARIC-ACID Leaf: DUKE1992A

Antibacterial PHZ46:156 ; Fungicide PHZ46:156 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

P-COUMARIC-ACID Rhizome 345 ppm; DUKE1992A

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4 ug/ml (weak activity) SKN43:99 ; Allelopathic JBH ; Antibacterial PHZ46:156 ; Antifertility AEHD1:84 ; Antihepatotoxic JBH ; Antinitrosaminic JNU ; Antioxidant IC24=30 ppm; Antiperoxidant IC50=>100 uM PM57:A54 ; Antispasmodic CAN ; Antitumor; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Choleretic DUKE1992B ; Cytotoxic JBH ; Diaphoretic? LRN-DEC90 ; Fungicide NIG ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC11=5 mM JAF38:688 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Prostaglandigenic RWG27 ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor DUKE1992B

P-CYMENE Rhizome: DUKE1992A

Analgesic MAR ; Antiacetylcholinesterase IC40=1.2 mM JAF45:677 ; Antibacterial JE26:74 ; Antiflu DUKE1992B ; Antirheumatalgic MAR ; Antiviral DUKE1992B ; FLavor FEMA 12-250 ARC ; Fungicide TOX ; Herbicide IC50=50 uM TOX ; Insectifuge HH3 ; Irritant ZEB ; Laxative ZEB ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative ZEB ; Trichomonicide LD100=50 ug/ml FT67:279

P-METHOXY-CINNAMIC-ACID Rhizome 360 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antipyretic DUKE1992B ; Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Hemolytic DUKE1992B ; Hypoglycemic OMM ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

P-TOLYMETHYLCARBINOL Rhizome 500 - 1,750 ppm DUKE1992A

Cholagogue HG117

PHOSPHORUS Rhizome 640 - 6,307 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiosteoporotic DAS ; Immunostimulant DAS ; Osteogenic DAS

POTASSIUM Rhizome 4,870 - 41,271 ppm DUKE1992A

Antiarrhythmic DAS ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antifatigue DAS ; Antihypertensive DAS ; Antispasmodic DAS ; Cardiotoxic 18,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B

PROTEIN Rhizome 12,000 - 306,000 ppm DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

PROTOCATECHUIC-ACID Leaf: DUKE1992A

Antiarrhythmic ACM:407 ; Antiasthmatic DUKE1992B ; Antibacterial PR4(5):198 ; Anticlastogen PMID9025787 ; Antihepatotoxic JBH ; Antiherpetic DUKE1992B ; Antiinflammatory JBH ; Antiischemic JBH ; Antimutagenic PMID9025787 ; Antiophidic EMP5:363 ; Antioxidant ABC53:519 ; Antiperoxidant IC50=>100 uM PM57:A54 ; Antiradicular JAF45:1039 ; Antispasmodic EC50=4.6-17 uM PR4(2):73 ; Antitussive ACM:200 ; Antiviral JAF45:1039 ; Fungicide 500 ug/ml 438 ; Immunostimulant EMP1:124 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Phagocytotic EMP1:124 ; Prostaglandigenic RWG27 ; Secretogogue CAN ; Ubiquiot JBH

RESIN Rhizome: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

RIBOFLAVIN Rhizome 12 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antiarabiflavinotic 2-10 mg/orl day MAR ; Anticarpal-Tunnel 50 mg/day WER ; Anticataract 15 mg/day WER ; Anticheilitic DUKE1992B ; Antidecubitic DUKE1992B ; Antiglossitic DAS ; Antikeratitic DUKE1992B ; Antimigraine DUKE1992B ; Antipellagric DUKE1992B ; Antiphotophobic DAS ; Cancer-Preventive 525

SODIUM Rhizome 30 - 4,290 ppm DUKE1992A

Hypertensive DAS

SYRINGIC-ACID Leaf: DUKE1992A

Antioxidant IC39=30 ppm PCF:218 ; Ubiquiot JBH

TERPINENE Essential Oil 27,200 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

TERPINEOL Essential Oil 500 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antiallergenic DUKE1992B ; Antiasthmatic DUKE1992B ; Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; Anticancer JNU ; Antiproliferant JNU ; Antiseptic M11 ; Antitussive DUKE1992B ; Cholagogue DUKE1992B ; Expectorant DUKE1992B ; Insectifuge 382 ; Perfumery M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

THIAMIN Rhizome 8 ppm; DUKE1992A

Analgesic 1-4 g/day WER ; Antialcoholic DUKE1992B ; Antialzheimeran 100-3,000 mg day WER ; Antianorectic JBH ; Antibackache 1-4 g day WER ; Antiberiberi DUKE1992B ; Anticardiospasmic DUKE1992B ; Anticolitic DUKE1992B ; Antidecubitic DUKE1992B ; Antideliriant DUKE1992B ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antifatigue JBH ; Antigastritic JBH ; Antiheartburn DUKE1992B ; Antiherpetic DUKE1992B ; Antimigraine DUKE1992B ; Antimyocarditic DUKE1992B ; Antineuralgic WER ; Antineurasthenic DUKE1992B ; Antineuritic DUKE1992B ; Antineuropathic 50 mg WER ; Antipoliomyelitic DUKE1992B ; Insectifuge 75-150 mg/man/day MAR ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

TURMERONE Rhizome 1,800 - 43,200 ppm DUKE1992A

Choleretic DUKE1992B ; Hepatotonic DUKE1992B ; Insectifuge 382 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

UKONAN-A Rhizome 33 - 6,600 ppm DUKE1992A

Immunostimulant DUKE1992B ; Phagocytotic 5 mg/kg ip PC29(4):1083 ; RES-Activator CPB38:1968

UKONAN-B Rhizome 47 ppm; DUKE1992A

Phagocytotic 5 mg/kg CPB38:484 ; RES-Activator CPB38:1968

UKONAN-C Rhizome 52 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

UKONAN-D Rhizome: DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

VANILLIC-ACID Leaf: DUKE1992A

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 uM/l PHM1:145 ; Anthelminthic JBH ; Antibacterial 1.5-15 mg/ml 452 ; Anticancer JAF47:397 ; Antifatigue; Antiinflammatory JBH ; Antioxidant IC21=30 ppm; Antiradicular 7 x quercetin JAF47:397 ; Antisickling PM56(6):681 ; Antitumor JAF47:397 ; Antitumor-Promoter JAF47:397 ; Ascaricide DUKE1992B ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Choleretic DUKE1992B ; Immunosuppressant RWG29 ; Laxative MPI ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Ubiquiot JBH

WATER Rhizome 133,000 ppm; DUKE1992A

No activity reported.

ZINC Rhizome 22 ppm; DUKE1992A

Antiacne 135 mg/day; Antiacrodermatitic 8-34 mg/day/orl/chd M29 ; Antialopecic DAS ; Antialzheimeran 50 mg day WER ; Antianorexic M29 ; Antiarthritic? 50 mg/3x/day/orl/man M29 ; Anticanker 100 mg/day WER ; Anticataract 30 mg/day WER ; Anticoeliac MAR ; Anticold 50 mg DAS ; Anticolitic DAS ; Anticoronary 30 mg/day SYN-X ; AntiCrohn's DAS ; Antidandruff DAS ; Antidiabetic SYN-X ; Antidote (Cadmium) LL-MAY89 ; Antieczemic 150 mg/day WER ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antiepileptic 100 mg/day WER ; Antifuruncular 45 mg/3x/day/man MAR ; Antiherpetic? 25 mg/day PAM ; Antiimpotence M29 ; Antiinfective 50 mg/day WER ; Antiinfertility 60 mg/day WER ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antilepric M29 ; Antileukonychic MTM ; Antiobesity 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antiplaque M29 ; Antiprolactin PAM ; Antiprostatitic 50 mg/man/day/orl PAM ; Antirheumatic DAS ; Antispare-Tire 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antistomatitic 50 mg/man/3x/day MAR ; Antisyndrome-X 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antitinnitic 60-120 mg/day WER ; Antitriglyceride 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antiulcer 50 mg/3x/day/man MAR 88 mg/rat/day/15 days DUKE1992B ; Antiviral? M29 ; Astringent MAR ; Copper-Antagonist SYN-X ; Deodorant M29 ; Hypotensive 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Immunostimulant DAS ; Immunosuppressant 300 mg/day/6 wks/orl/man M29 ; Insulinogenic 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Leptingenic 30-60 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Mucogenic JPP42:657 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spermigenic 60 mg/day WER ; Testosteronigenic WER ; Trichomonicide M29 ; Vulnerary MAR

ZINGIBERENE Rhizome 750 - 18,000 ppm DUKE1992A

Antirhinoviral MAB ; Antiulcer IC54=100 mg/kg; Carminative PJB1(2):292 ; Insecticide TOX ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B

References

382: Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.

411: Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.

438: Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.

450: Russell, G. B., Phytochemical resources for crop protection, N. Z. J. Technol., 2, 1986, 127-134.

452: Recio, M. C., Rios, J. L., and Villar, A., A review of some antimicrobial compounds isolated from medicinal plants reported in the literature 1978-1988, Phytotherapy Research, 3(4), 1989, 117-125.

453: Grundy, D. L. and Still, C. C., Inhibition of acetylcholinesterases by pulegone-1,2-epoxide, Oest. Biochem. & Physiol., 23, 1985, 383-8.

505: Jim Duke's personal files.

525: Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.

AAA31:329: Jim Duke's personal files

ABC53:519: Kikuzaki, H. and Nakatani, N. 1988. Structure of a New Antioxidative Phenolic Acid from Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.). Agric. Biol. Chem. 53: 519-524.

ACM:200: Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 200.

ACM:210: Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 210.

ACM:361: Jim Duke's personal files

ACM:407: Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 407.

ACM:435: Jim Duke's personal files

ACS661:230: Jim Duke's personal files

AEHD1:84: Jim Duke's personal files

AEM401:131: Jim Duke's personal files

AH12(4):17: American Health, 12(4): 17, 1993.

AJC62:1212: Jim Duke's personal files

ARC: Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry Note: Most ARC numerical data were in mg/dl. I know of no other plant where zinc is more prevalent than other minerals and protein. These data should be viewed as suspect.

BIS: Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp. Note: English translation of Wichtl, 1984,1989).

BO2: Jim Duke's personal files

BP49:1165: Jim Duke's personal files

BVC:162: Buchbauer et al, e.g.Buchbauer et al,1993.Therapeutic properties of essential oils and fragrances. Chap.12 in Teranishi,R, Buttery,R.G and Sugisawa,H. Eds. Bioactive Volatile Compounds from Plants. ACS Symposium Series 525. Amer. Chem. Soc., Washington DC

CAN: Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.

CAR19:1039: Singletary, K., et al. 1998. Effect of the Beta-Diketones Diferoloylmethane (Curcumin) and Dibenzoylmethane on Rat Mammary DNA Adducts and Tumors Induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(A)anthracene. Carcinogenesis, 19(6): 1039-1043.

CCO: Chemical Constituents of Oriental Herbs (3 diff. books)

CLE64:117: Jim Duke's personal files

CMR3/4/91:16: Jim Duke's personal files

CPA: Can. Pharm. Assoc. Medication. 1988

CPB38:1968: Jim Duke's personal files

CPB38:2283: Shimizu,*M., et al. 1990. Anti-inflammatory Constituents of Topically Applied Crude Drugs. IV.1) Constituents and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Paraguayan Crude Drug "Alhucema" (Lavandula latifolia Vill.)2). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(8): 2283-2284, 1990.

CPB38:484: Jim Duke's personal files

CR48:5941: Cancer Research, 48: 5941.

CR55:259: Rao, C. V., Rivenson, A., Simi, B., Reddy, B. S. 1995. Chemoprevention of Colon Carcinogenesis by Dietary Curcumin, a Naturally Occurring Plant Phenolic Compound. Cancer Research, 55(2): 259-266.

CRC: CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs and/or CRC Handbook of Proximate Analyses

DAS: Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.

DUKE1992A: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.

DUKE1992B: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.

EB48:111: Tunon, H., Thorsell, W., and Bohlin, L. 1993. Mosquito Repelling Activity of Compounds Occurring in Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae). Economic Botany 48(2): 111-120, 1994.

EJP331:253: Jim Duke's personal files

EMP1:124: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 1: 124.

EMP5:195: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 195.

EMP5:207: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 207.

EMP5:363: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 363.

EMP6:189: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.

EMP6:235: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.

FHN: Forest H. Nielsen, USDA, Grand Forks, various publications.

FRBM26:193: Alanko, J., et al. 1999. Modulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism by Phenols: Relation to their Structure and Antioxidant/Proooxidant Properties. Free Radical Biol Med, 26(1/2): 193-201.

FT59:465: Fitoterapia No.59-1984.

FT5:1986: Fitoterapia No.5-1986.

FT63(1):3: Jim Duke's personal files

FT64:134: Lazarova*, G., Kostova, I., Neychev, H. 1992. Photodynamic damage prevention by some hydroxycoumarins. Fitoterapia 64(2): 134-136, 1993.

FT65(2):101: Jim Duke's personal files

FT67:279: Jim Duke's personal files

FT68:483: Jim Duke's personal files

GPH27:629: Chen, S. J., Wang, M. H., Chen, I. J. 1996. Antiplatelet and Calcium Inhibitory Properties of Eugenol and Sodium Eugenol Acetate. Gen Pharmacol, 27(4): 629-633.

HG117: Jim Duke's personal files

HG17: HerbalGram No. 17.

HG20:40: HerbalGram No. 20, page 40.

HG24:37: HerbalGram No. 24, page 37.

HG37:18: Jim Duke's personal files

HH2: Hansel, R., Keller, K., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1992. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Drogen (A-D), 1209 pp., 1993 (E-O), 970 pp., 1994 (P-Z), 1196 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

HH3: Blaschek, W., Hansel, R., Keller, K., Reichling, J., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1998. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Auflage Band 2 (A-K), 909 pp., (L-Z), 858 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

HHB: List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.

HHM7:7: Jim Duke's personal files

HSC25:1495: Simon, P.W. Carrots and Other Horticultural Crops as a Source of Provitamin A Carotenes. HortScience, 25(12): 1495, 1990.

IJO15(4):194: Internat. J. Oriental Med. 15(4): 194, 1990+

IWU: Iwu, M.M. 1993. Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 435 pp.

J14432: Jim Duke's personal files

JAD: Duke, J. A. Writeups or information summaries on approximately 2,000 economic plants, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705.

JAF38:688: Oszmianski, J. and Lee, C.Y. 1990. Inhibitory Effect of Phenolics on Carotene Bleaching in Vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38: 688-690.

JAF40:2329: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF40:2330: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF41:1103: Muroi, H. and Kubo, I. 1993. Combination Effects of Antibacterial Compounds in Green Tea Flavor against Streptococcus mutans. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41: 1102-1105.

JAF43:2283: J. Agric. Food Chem. 43: 2283.

JAF44:2057: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF44:2096: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF44:2802: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF45:1039: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF45:3276: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF45:677: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF46:3434: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF47:397: Jim Duke's personal files

JAF48:235: Jim Duke's personal files

JAFC34:409: Jim Duke's personal files

JAFC45:632: Jim Duke's personal files

JAR10:7: Jim Duke's personal files

JAR4:22: J. Aromatherapy 4: 22.

JAR8:2: Jim Duke's personal files

JBH: Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.

JE26:72: Jim Duke's personal files

JE26:74: Jim Duke's personal files

JE26:76: Jim Duke's personal files

JE26:81: Jim Duke's personal files

JFH33(6):569: J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jap. 33(6): 569.

JNM1:10: Jim Duke's personal files.

JNP55:999: Zheng, G-Q., Kenney, P.M., and Lam, L.K.T. Sesquiterpenes From Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) As Potential Anticarcinogenic Agents. Journal of Natural Products 55(7): 999-1003, 1992.

JNP57:658: Denyer, C.V., Jackson, P., Loakes, D.M., Ellis, M.R., and Yound, D.A.B. Isolation of Antirhinoviral Sesquiterpenes From Ginger (Zingiber officinale). Journal of Natural Products, 57(5): 658-662, 1994.

JNU: Jim Duke's personal files

JPP42:657: Li, K.M. Effect of zinc sulphate on acetic acid-induced gastric ulceration in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 657-659, 1990.

JPP46:16: Yamamoto, A., Umemori, S., and Muranishi, S. 1993. Absorption Enhancement of Intrapulmonary Administered Insulin by Various Absorption Enhancers and Protease Inhibitors in Rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46: 14-18, 1994.

JSPR22:141: J. Stored. Prod. Res., 22:141, 1986.

K16299: Jim Duke's personal files

K26575: Jim Duke's personal files

KCH: Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.

LAB58: Jim Duke's personal files

LAF: Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.

LAF337: Jim Duke's personal files

LGR: L. Gracza (1985) as cited by Buchbauer re antiacetylcholinesterase.

LL-MAY89: Let's Live, May 1989.

LRN-DEC90: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Dec-90.

LRN-DEC93: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Dec-93.

LRN-JUL87: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jul-87.

LRN-JUN90: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jun-90.

LRNP:JUL'96: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R317: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R486: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R488: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R489: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R503: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R521: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R523: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R610: Jim Duke's personal files

M&R618: Jim Duke's personal files

M11: Merck 11th Edition

M29: Martindale's 29th

M29:1064: Jim Duke's personal files

MAB: Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2,000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.

MAR: Martindale's 28th

MED: Medline (post 1990 searches filed in my computer)

MED'94: Jim Duke's personal files

MED'95: Jim Duke's personal files

MIK: Michael Castleman 1991. The Healing Herbs. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA 436 pp.

MPI: =ICMR(Indian Council of Medical Research).1976.Medicinal Plants of India.Vol.1.Indian Council of Med. Res.Cambridge Printing Works, New Delhi.487 pp;ICMR.1987.Medicinal Plants of India.Vol.2.Indian Council of Med. Res.Cambr. Printing Works,New Delhi.600pp Note: (2 vols so far).

MPT: Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of the Tropics. Leeuwenberg, A.J.M., ed. Pudoc, Wageningen. 1987.

MTM: Jim Duke's personal files

MUO24:1: Material und Organismen , 24: 1, 1989.

NIG: Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.

NR54:S24: Jim Duke's personal files

NR54:S71: Jim Duke's personal files

OMM: Oriental Materia Medica (three volumes by Dr. Hsu and collaborators)

PAL:326: Jim Duke's personal files

PAL:327: Jim Duke's personal files

PAM: Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).

PC27:973: Jim Duke's personal files

PC27:974: Jim Duke's personal files

PC29(4):1083: Jim Duke's personal files

PC36:579: Ohnishi, M., Morishita, H., Iwahashi, H., Toda, S., Shirataki, Y., Kimura, M., and Kido, R. 1993. Inhibitory Effects of Chlorogenic Acids on Linoleic Acid Peroxidation and Haemolysis. Phytochemistry. 36(3): 579-583. 1994.

PCF: Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health. Antioxidants & Cancer Prevention. Huang, M.T., Ho, C.T. and Lee, C.Y. eds. 1992. ACS Symposium Series 507.ACS, Washington 402 pp.

PCF-I:200: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:125: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:18: Ki Soon Rhee. Oilseed Food Ingredients Used To Minimize Oxidative Flavor Deterioration in Meat Products. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.18.

PCF:19: Hagerman, A.E. Tannin-Protein Interactions. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.19.

PCF:218: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:219: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:221: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:25: McEvily, A.J., Iyengar, R., and Gross, A.T. Inhibition of Polyphenol Oxidase by Phenolic Compounds. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.25.

PCF:338: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:347: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:39,277: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:44: Jim Duke's personal files

PCF:69: Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, 69.

PEP: Pakistan Encyclopedia Planta Medica. 1986.

PFH44:87: Jim Duke's personal files

PHM1:145: Jim Duke's personal files

PHM7:7: Jim Duke's personal files

PHZ46:156: Pharmazie, 46: 156, 1991.

PIZ: Pizzorno, J. 1998. Total Wellness. Prima Health, a division of Prima.

PJB1(1):169: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(1):172: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(2):264: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(2):269: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(2):292: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(3):238: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(3):242: Jim Duke's personal files

PJB1(3):248: Jim Duke's personal files

PM184.1986: Jim Duke's personal files

PM186:1986: Jim Duke's personal files

PM56(6):681: Planta Medica, 56(6): 681, 1990.

PM56:173: Jim Duke's personal files

PM57:A54: Planta Medica, 57: A54, 1991.

PM61:510: Jim Duke's personal files

PMID11199135: Jim Duke's personal files

PMID9025787: Jim Duke's personal files

PMP22:233: Jim Duke's personal files

PMP23:51: Jim Duke's personal files

PMP23:60: Jim Duke's personal files

PMP25:55: Jim Duke's personal files

POP:150: Jim Duke's personal files

POP:270: Jim Duke's personal files

PPL7:187: Jim Duke's personal files

PR4(2):73: Ortiz de Urbina, J.J., Martin, M.L., Sevilla, M.A., Montero, M.J., Carron, R., and San Roman, L. Antispasmodic Activity on Rat Smooth Muscle of Polyphenol Compounds Caffeic and Protocathechic Acids. Phytotherapy Research 4(2): 73, 1990.

PR4(5):198: Lamikanra, A., Ogundaini, A.O., and Ogungbamila*, F.O. Antibacterial Constituents of Alchornea cordifolia Leaves. Phytotherapy Research 4(5): 198.

PR4:73: Phytotherapy Research, 4: 73.

PR4:93: Phytotherapy Research, 4: 93.

PR4:95: Phytotherapy Research, 4: 95.

RIE12:5: Revista Itiliana Eppos, 12: 5, 1994.

RIN: Rinzler, C. A. 1990. The Complete Book of Herbs, Spices and Condiments. Facts on File, New York. 199 pp.

RJH: R.J. Hixtable (Huxtable, R.J. (as T. Max). 1992. This and That:The Essential Pharmacology of Herbs and Spices. Tips 13:15-20 Huxtable, R.J. 1992b. The Myth of Benficent Nature. The Risk of Herbal Preparations. Anns. Intern. Med. 117(2):165-6; Huxtable, R.

RWG141: Jim Duke's personal files

RWG17: Jim Duke's personal files

RWG27: Jim Duke's personal files

RWG29: Jim Duke's personal files

SHT158: Jim Duke's personal files

SKN43:99: Ichikawa, K., et al. 1991. Isolation and Structure Determination of Aldose Reductase Inhibitors from Traditional Thai Medicine, and Syntheses of Their Derivatives. Sankyo Kenkyusho Nempo, 43: 99-110.

SN138:189.1990: Science News, 138: 189, 1990.

SNE137:292: Jim Duke's personal files.

SYN-X: Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95

SZ44:183: Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 44: 183.

TOX: Keeler, R.F. and Tu, A.T. eds. 1991. Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds. (Handbook of Natural Toxins Vol. 6) Marcel Dekker, Inc. NY. 665 pp.

TOX107:39: Jim Duke's personal files

TOXICOLOGY107:39: Jim Duke's personal files

TYK1992:95: Okamura, K., Iwakami, S., Matsunaga, T. 1992. Biological Activity of Monoterpenes from Trees. Toyama-Ken Yakuji Kenkyusho Nenpo, (20): 95-101.

VAL: Valnet, J. 1982. The Practice of Aromatherapy. Translated from the 1980 French Edition by Robin Campbell and Libby Houston. Destiny Books, New York. 279 pp.

W&W: Wagner & Wolff, eds. 1977. New Natural Products (RS164. I56. 176)

WER: Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.

WIC: Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.

YAK112:645: Yamahara, J., et al. Stomachic principles in ginger. II. Pungent and anti-ulcer effects of low polar constituents isolated from ginger, the dried rhizoma of... Yakugaku Zasshi 112: 645-655 (1992).

ZEB: Zebovitz, T. C. Ed. 1989. Part VII. Flavor and Fragrance Substances, in Keith L. H. and Walters, D.B., eds. Compendium of Safety Data Sheets for Research and Industrial Chemicals. VCH Publishers, New York. 3560-4253.

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