This proprietary Raintree product has not been the subject of any clinical research. A partial listing of third-party published research on each herbal ingredient in the formula is shown below. Please refer to the plant database files by clicking on the plant names below to see all available documentation and research on each plant ingredient.

Cat's Claw (Uncaria tomentosa)
Hardin, S. R. "Cat's claw: An Amazonian vine decreases inflammation in osteoarthritis." Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract. 2007 Feb; 13(1): 25-8.
Allen-Hall, L., et al. "Treatment of THP-1 cells with Uncaria tomentosa extracts differentially regulates the expression if IL-1beta and TNF-alpha." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Jan; 109(2): 312-7.
Miller, M. J., et al. "The chrondoprotective actions of a natural product are associated with the activation of IGF-1 production by human chondrocytes despite the presence of IL-1beta." BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2006 Apr; 6: 13.
Miller, M. J., et al. "Early relief of osteoarthritis symptoms with a natural mineral supplement and a herbomineral combination: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN38432711]." J. Inflamm. 2005 Oct; 2:11.
Valerio, L. G., et al. "Toxicological aspects of the South American herbs cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa) and Maca (Lepidium meyenii): a critical synopsis." Toxicol. Rev. 2005; 24(1): 11-35.
Setty, A. R., et al. "Herbal medications commonly used in the practice of rheumatology: mechanisms of action, efficacy, and side effects." Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 34(6): 773-84.
Sheng, Y., et al. “An active ingredient of Cat's Claw water extracts: identification and efficacy of quinic acid.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Jan 15; 96(3):
Aguilar, J. L., et al. “Anti-inflammatory activity of two different extracts of Uncaria tomentosa (Rubiaceae).” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002; 81(2): 271–76.
Sandoval, M., et al., “Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis) are independent of their alkaloid content." Phytomedicine. 2002; 9(4): 325–37.
Mur, E., et al. “Randomized double blind trial of an extract from the pentacyclic alkaloid-chemotype of Uncaria tomentosa for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.” J. Rheumatol. 2002 Apr; 29(4): 678–81.
Sandoval-Chacon, M., et al. “Anti-inflammatory actions of cat’s claw: the role of NF-kappaB.” Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 1998; 12(12): 1279–89.
Recio, M. C., et al. “Structural requirements for the anti-inflammatory activity of natural triterpenoids.” Planta Med. 1995; 61(2): 182–85.
Aquino, R., et al. “Plant metabolites. New compounds and anti-inflammatory activity of Uncaria tomentosa." J. Nat. Prod. 1991; 54: 453–59.
Cerri, R., et al. “New quinovic acid glycosides from Uncaria tomentosa." J. Nat. Prod. 1988; 51: 257–61.

Boldo (Peumus boldus)
Gotteland, M., et al. “Protective effect of boldine in experimental colitis.” Planta Med. 1997; 63(4): 311–15.
Gotteland, M., et al. “Effect of a dry boldo extract on oro-cecal intestinal transit in healthy volunteers.” Rev. Med. Chil. 1995; 123(8): 955–60.
Estelles, R., et al. “Effect of boldine, secoboldine, and boldine methine on angiotensin II-induced neurtrophil recruitment in vivo.” J. Leukoc. Biol. 2005 Sep; 78(3): 696-704.
Kang, J. J., et al. “Studies on neuromuscular blockade by boldine in the mouse phrenic nerve diaphragm.” Planta Med. 1999; 65(2): 178–79.
Kang, J. J., et al. “Effects of boldine on mouse diaphragm and sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles isolated from skeletal muscle.” Planta Med. 1998; 64(1): 18–21.
Backhouse, N., et al. “Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of boldine.” Agents Actions 1994; 42(3–4): 114–17.
Ivorra, M. D., et al. “Different mechanism of relaxation induced by aporphine alkaloids in rat uterus.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1993; 45(5): 439–43.
Lanhers, M. C., et al. “Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of a traditional medicinal plant of Chile, Peumus boldus.” Planta Med. 1991; 57(2): 110–15.
O'brien, P., et al. “Boldine and its antioxidant or health-promoting properties.” Chem. Biol. Interact. 2006 Jan; 159(1): 1-17.

Macela (Achyrocline satureoides, Egletes viscosa)
Rao, V. S., et al. “Investigations on the gastroprotective and antidiarrhoeal properties of ternatin, a tetramethoxyflavone from Egletes viscosa.” Planta Med. 1997 Apr; 63(2): 146-9.
Lima, M. A., et al. ”Biologically active flavonoids and terpenoids from Egletes viscosa.” Phytochemistry. 1996; 41(1): 217-23.
Rao, V. S., et al. “Protective effect of ternatin, a flavonoid isolated from Egletes viscosa Less., in experimental liver injury.”
Pharmacology. 1994; 48(6): 392-7.
Melo, C. M., et al. "12-Acetoxyhawtriwaic acid lactone, a diterpene from Egletes viscosa, attenuates capsaicin-induced ear edema and hindpaw nociception in mice: possible mechanisms." Planta Med. 2006 Jun; 72(7): 584-9.
Hnatyszyn, O., et al. “Flavonoids from Achyrocline satureioides with relaxant effects on the smooth muscle of guinea pig corpus cavernosum.” Phytomedicine. 2004; 11(4): 366-9.
Rao. V. S., et al. “Ternatin, an anti-inflammatory flavonoid, inhibits thioglycolate-elicited rat peritoneal neutrophil accumulation and LPS-activated nitric oxide production in murine macrophages.” Planta Med. 2003; 69(9): 851-3.  
Guedes, M. M., et al. “Antinociceptive and gastroprotective effects of diterpenes from the flower buds of Egletes viscosa.” Planta Med. 2002; 68(11): 1044-6.
Lima, M. A., et al. ”Biologically active flavonoids and terpenoids from Egletes viscosa.” Phytochemistry. 1996; 41(1): 217-23.
Souza, M. F., et al. “Anti-anaphylactic and anti-inflammatory effects of ternatin, a flavonoid isolated from Egletes viscosa Less.” Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 1992; 25(10): 1029-32.
Simoes, C. M., “Anti-inflammatory action of Achyrocline satureoides extracts applied topically.” Fitoterapia. 1988; 59(5): 419–21.
Simoes, C. M., et al. “Pharmacological investigations on Achyrocline satureoides (Lam). D.C., Compositae.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1988 Apr; 22(3): 281–93.
Polydoro, M., et al. “Antioxidant, a pro-oxidant and cytotoxic effects of Achyrocline satureioides extracts.” Life Sci. 2004 Apr; 74(23): 2815-26.
Vieira, M. M., et al. “Ternatin, a flavonoid, prevents cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in rats.” Phytother. Res. 2004; 18(2): 135-41.
Gugliucci, A., et al. “Three different pathways for human LDL oxidation are inhibited in vitro by water extracts of the medicinal herb Achyrocline satureoides.” Life Sci. 2002; 71(6): 693–705.
Kadarian, C., et al. “Hepatoprotective activity of Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) D.C.” Pharmacol. Res. 2002; 45(1): 57–61.
Souza, M.F., et al. “Inhibition by the bioflavonoid ternatin of aflatoxin B1-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1999; 51(2):125-9.
Desmarchelier, C., et al. “Antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects in extracts of the medicinal herb Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) D.C. (marcela).” Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 1998; 31(9): 163–70.
Desmarchelier, C., et al. “Antioxidant and prooxidant activities in aqueous extracts of Argentine Plants.” Int. J. Pharmacog. 1997; 35(2): 116–20.

Simarouba (Simarouba amara)
Caceres, A. “Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. 1. Screening of 84 plants against enterobacteria." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1990; 30(1): 55–73.
Wright, C. W. “Use of microdilution to assess in vitro antiamoebic activities of Brucea javanica fruits, Simarouba amara stem, and a number of quassinoids.” Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1988; 32(11): 1725-1729.
Wright, C. W., et al. “Quassinoids exhibit greater selectivity against Plasmodium falciparum than against Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis or Toxoplasma gondii in vitro. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 1993 ; 40(3): 244-6.
Duriez, R., et al. “Glaucarubin in the treatment of amebiasis." Presse Med. 1962; 70: 1291.

Jurubeba (Solanum paniculatum)
Botion, L. M., et al. “Effects of the Brazilian phytopharmaceutical product jerobina® on lipid metabolism and intestinal tonus.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Nov; 102(2): 137-42.
Braga, F. T., et al. Jurubeba. Centro Universitário de Lavras, Lavras-MG Brazil, 2002.
Mesia-Vela, S., et al. “Solanum paniculatum L. (Jurubeba): Potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion in mice.” Phytomedicine 2002; 9(6): 508–14.
Barros, G. S. G., et al. “Phamacological screening of some Brazilian plants.” J. Pharm. Pharmac. 1969; 22: 116–22.

Tayuya (Cayaponia tayuya)
Truiti, M.C., et al. “Antiprotozoal and molluscicidal activities of five Brazilian plants.” Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2005; 38(12): 1873-8
Escandell, J. M., et al. “Dihydrocucurbitacin B, isolated from Cayaponia tayuya, reduces damage in adjuvant-induced arthritis.” Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2006 Feb; 532(1-2): 145-54.
Recio, M. C., et al. “Anti-inflammatory activity of two cucurbitacins isolated from Cayaponia tayuya roots.” Planta Med. 2004; 70(5): 414-20.
Himeno, E., et al. “Structures of cayaponosides A, B, C and D, glucosides of new nor-cucurbitacins in the roots of Cayaponia tayuya.” Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 1992; 40(10): 2885–87.
Ruppelt, B. M., et al. “Pharmacological screening of plants recommended by folk medicine as anti-snake venom—I. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.” Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1991; 86 (Suppl. 2): 203–5.
Rios, J. L., et al. “A study of the anti-inflammatory activity of Cayaponia tayuya root.” Fitoterapia 1990; 61(3):275–78.
Huguet, A. I., et al. “Superoxide scavenging properties of flavonoids in a non-enzymic system.” Z. Natur. Forsch. 1990; 45(1–2): 19–24.

Anamu (Petiveria alliacea)
Gomes, P. B., et al. “Study of antinociceptive effect of isolated fractions from Petiveria alliacea L. (tipi) in mice.” Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2005; 28(1): 42-6.
Lopes-Martins, R. A., et al. “The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of a crude extract of Petiveria alliacea L. (Phytolaccaceae).” Phytomedicine. 2002; 9(3): 245-48.
Dunstan, C. A., et al. “Evaluation of some Samoan and Peruvian medicinal plants by prostaglandin biosynthesis and rat ear oedema assays.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997 Jun; 57(1): 35-56.
Germano, D., et al. “Pharmacological assay of Petiveria alliaceae. Oral anti-inflammatory activity and gastrotoxicity of a hydro alcoholic root extract.” Fitoterapia. 1993; 64(5): 459-467.
Germano, D. H., et al. “Topical anti-inflammatory activity and toxicity of Petiveria alliaceae.” Fitoterapia. 1993; 64(5): 459-67.
de Lima, T. C., et al. “Evaluation of antinociceptive effect of Petiveria alliacea (Guine) in animals.” Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 1991; 86 Suppl 2: 153-58.
Di Stasi, L. C., et al. “Screening in mice of some medicinal plants used for analgesic purposes in the state of Saõ Paulo.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1988; 24(2/3): 205–11.
Kim, S., et al. “Antibacterial and antifungal activity of sulfur-containing compounds from Petiveria alliacea L.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Oct 13;
Ruffa, M. J., et al. “Antiviral activity of Petiveria alliacea against the bovine diarrhea virus. Chemotherapy 2002; 48(3): 144-47.
Caceres, A., et al. “Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of protozoal infections. I. Screening of activity to bacteria, fungi and American trypanosomes of 13 native plants.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998 Oct; 62(3): 195-202.
Berger, I., et al. “Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of protozoal infections: II. Activity of extracts and fractions of five Guatemalan plants against Trypanosoma cruzi.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998 Sep; 62(2): 107-15.
Von Szczepanski, C., et al. “Isolation, structure elucidation and synthesis of an antimicrobial substance from Petiveria alliacea.” Arzneim-Forsch 1972; 22: 1975–.