This proprietary Raintree product has not been the subject of any clinical research. A partial listing of third-party published research on each herbal ingredient in the formula is shown below. Please refer to the plant database files by clicking on the plant names below to see all available documentation and research on each plant ingredient.

Chanca Piedra (Phyllanthus niruri)
Murugaiyah, V., et al. "Antihyperuricemic lignans from the leaves of Phyllanthus niruri." Planta Med. 2006 Nov; 72(14): 1262-7.
Micali, S., et al. "Can Phyllanthus niruri affect the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for renal stones? A randomized, prospective, long-term study." J. Urol. 2006 Sep; 176(3): 1020-2.
Barros, M. E., et al. "Effect of extract of Phyllanthus niruri on crystal deposition in experimental urolithiasis." Urol. Res. 2006 Aug 1;
Nishiura, J. L., et al. “Phyllanthus niruri normalizes elevated urinary calcium levels in calcium stone forming (CSF) patients.” Urol. Res. 2004 Oct; 32(5): 362-6.
Barros, M. E., et al. “Effects of an aqueous extract from Phyllanthus niruri on calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro.” Urol. Res. 2003; 30(6): 374-9.
Freitas, A. M., et al. “The effect of Phyllanthus niruri on urinary inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization and other factors associated with renal stone formation.” B. J. U. Int. 2002; 89(9): 829–34.
Campos, A. H., et al. “Phyllanthus niruri inhibits calcium oxalate endocytosis by renal tubular cells: its role in urolithiasis.” Nephron. 1999; 81(4): 393–97.
Iizuka, T., et al. “Vasorelaxant Effects of Methyl Brevifolincarboxylate from the Leaves of Phyllanthus niruri.” Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2006; 29(1): 177-9.
Kassuya, C. A., et al. "Antiinflammatory and antiallodynic actions of the lignan niranthin isolated from Phyllanthus amarus. Evidence for interaction with platelet activating factor receptor." Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2006 Sep; 546(1-3): 182-8.
Kassuya, C.A., et al. “Anti-inflammatory properties of extracts, fractions and lignans isolated from Phyllanthus amarus.” Planta Med. 2005; 71(8): 721-6.
Kiemer, A. K., et al. “Phyllanthus amarus has anti-inflammatory potential by inhibition of iNOS, COX-2, and cytokines via the NF-kappaB pathway.” J. Hepatol. 2003; 38(3): 289-97.
Santos, A. R., et al. “Antinociceptive properties of extracts of new species of plants of the genus Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae).” J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 72(1/2): 229–38.
Miguel, O. G., et al. “Chemical and preliminary analgesic evaluation of geraniin and furosin isolated from Phyllanthus sellowianus.” Planta Med. 1996; 62(2): 146–49.
Paulino, N., et al. “The relaxant effect of extract of Phyllanthus urinaria in the guinea-pig isolated trachea. Evidence for involvement of ATP-sensitive potassium channels.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1996; 48(11): 1158-63.
Santos, A. R., et al. “Analysis of the mechanisms underlying the antinociceptive effect of the extracts of plants from the genus Phyllanthus.” Gen. Pharmacol. 1995; 26(7): 1499–1506.
Santos, A. R., et al. “Further studies on the antinociceptive action of the hydroalcohlic extracts from plants of the genus Phyllanthus.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1995; 47(1): 66–71.
Santos, A. R., et al. “Analgesic effects of callus culture extracts from selected species of Phyllanthus in mice.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1994; 46(9): 755–59.
Calixto, J. B., et al. “Antispasmodic effects of an alkaloid extracted from Phyllanthus sellowianus: a comparative study with papaverine.” Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 1984; 17(3-4): 313-21

Boldo (Peumus boldus)
O'brien, P., et al. "Boldine and its antioxidant or health-promoting properties." Chem. Biol. Interact. 2006 Jan; 159(1): 1-17.
Estelles, R., et al. “Effect of boldine, secoboldine, and boldine methine on angiotensin II-induced neurtrophil recruitment in vivo.” J. Leukoc. Biol. 2005 Sep; 78(3): 696-704.
Kang, J. J., et al. “Studies on neuromuscular blockade by boldine in the mouse phrenic nerve diaphragm.” Planta Med. 1999; 65(2): 178–79.
Kang, J. J., et al. “Effects of boldine on mouse diaphragm and sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles isolated from skeletal muscle.” Planta Med. 1998; 64(1): 18–21.
Backhouse, N., et al. “Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of boldine.” Agents Actions 1994; 42(3–4): 114–17.
Ivorra, M. D., et al. “Different mechanism of relaxation induced by aporphine alkaloids in rat uterus.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1993; 45(5): 439–43.
Lanhers, M. C., et al. “Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of a traditional medicinal plant of Chile, Peumus boldus.” Planta Med. 1991; 57(2): 110–15.

Erva Tostão (Boerhaavia diffusa)
Rawat, A. K., et al. “Hepatoprotective activity of Boerhaavia diffusa L. roots—a popular Indian ethnomedicine." J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997; 56(1): 61–66.
Devi, M. V., et al. “Effect of Phyllanthus niruri on the diuretic activity of punarnava tablets." J. Res. Edu. Ind. Med. 1986; 5(1): 11–12.
Mishra, J. P., et al. “Studies on the effect of indigenous drug Boerhaavia diffusa Rom. on kidney regeneration." Indian J. Pharmacy 1980; 12: 59.
Mudgal, V. “Studies on medicinal properties of Convolvulus pluricaulis and Boerhaavia diffusa.” Planta Med. 1975; 28: 62.
Gaitonde, B. B., et al. “Diuretic activity of punarnava (Boerhaavia diffusa).” Bull. Haffkine Inst. 1974; 2: 24.
Chowdhury, A., et al. “Boerhaavia diffusa: effect on diuresis and some renal enzymes." Ann. Biochem. Exp. Med. 1955; 15: 119–26.
Singh, R. P., et al. “Recent approach in clinical and experimental evaluation of diuretic action of punarnava (B. diffusa) with special reference to nephrotic syndrome." J. Res. Edu. Ind. Med. 1955; 7(1): 29-35.

Cipó Cabeludo (Mikania hirsutissima)
Tirapelli, C. R., “Pharmacological comparison of the vasorelaxant action displayed by kaurenoic acid and pimaradienoic acid.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2005; 57(8): 997-1004.
Ambrosio, S. R., “Role of the carboxylic group in the antispasmodic and vasorelaxant action displayed by kaurenoic acid.” J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2004; 56(11): 1407-13.
Tirapelli, C. R., et al. “Analysis of the mechanisms underlying the vasorelaxant action of kaurenoic acid in the isolated rat aorta.” Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2004 May; 492(2-3): 233-41.

Abuta (Cissampelos pareira)
Amresh, G., et al. "Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Cissampelos pareira root in rats." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006 Oct 19;
Caceres, A., et al. “Diuretic activity of plants used for the treatment of urinary ailments in Guatemala.” J. Ethnopharmacol. 1987; 19(3): 233-45.
Sanchez Medina, A., et al. "Evaluation of biological activity of crude extracts from plants used in Yucatecan traditional medicine part l. Antioxidant, antimicrobial and beta-glucosidase inhibition activities." Phytomedicine. 2001; 8(2):144-51.
Adesina, S. K. “Studies on some plants used as anticonvulsants in Amerindian and African traditional medicine.” Fitoterapia 1982; 53: 147–62.